Influence of Crystalline, Structural, and Electrochemical Properties of Iron Vanadate Nanostructures on Flutamide Detection

Abstract

Iron vanadate (FeVO4) nanostructures were prepared using controlled hydrothermal synthesis from low temperature to high temperature (90 to 180 °C). The temperature-dependent synthesis pointed that FeVO4 nanorods can be achieved with less reaction time. The as-obtained samples were characterized in detail to analyze the hydrothermal temperature effects on structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties. From the morphological results, it is observed that there is a substantial change in particle shape and size with the increase in temperature. As an outcome, the specimen synthesized at 150 °C revealed a higher specific surface area (16.11 m2 g–1) than other temperature-varied samples. Similarly, the electrical and electrochemical performance characteristics of the proposed electrodes were comparably explored through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammogram (CV) analyses. It is ascrtained that the electrochemical activity of the catalyst is greatly influenced by the hydrothermal temperature. Under optimized voltammetric experimental conditions, the flutamide (FLT) detection current revealed a wide linear relationship in the range of 0.06 to 777.46 μM with the lowest detection limit of 0.054 μM. Furthermore, the proposed electrode displayed an excellent anti-interference ability and high reproducibility together with acceptable performance in the detection of FLT in human blood serum. The outcomes from this study will provide a path to understanding the effects of hydrothermal temperature with shorter reaction time on the crystalline structure, surface morphology, and electrocatalytic properties of iron vanadate nanostructures that are significant for countless practical applications.