Abstract
Background and objectivesAlterations in the microenvironment of implant surfaces could influence the cellular crosstalk and adhesion patterns of dental implant materials. Cold plasma has been described to have an influence on cells, tissues, and biomaterials. Hence, the mechanisms of osseointegration may be altered by non-thermal plasma treatment depending on different chemical compositions and surface coatings of the biomaterial. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment on implant surfaces and its biological and physicochemical side effects.Materials and methodsDental implant discs from titanium and zirconia with different surface modifications were treated with CAP at various durations. Cell behavior and adhesion patterns of human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) and osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) were examined using scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Surface chemical characterization was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Quantitative analysis of cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation was conducted including real-time PCR.ResultsCAP did not affect the elemental composition of different dental implant materials. Additionally, markers for cell proliferation, extracellular matrix formation, and cell adhesion were differently regulated depending on the application time of CAP treatment in MG-63 cells and gingival fibroblasts.ConclusionsCAP application is beneficial for dental implant materials to allow for faster proliferation and adhesion of cells from the surrounding tissue on both titanium and zirconia implant surfaces with different surface properties.Clinical relevanceThe healing capacity provided through CAP treatment could enhance osseointegration of dental implants and has the potential to serve as an effective treatment option in periimplantitis therapy.
Highlights
The main goal in modern dental implantology is to maintain biological stable conditions and prevent peri-implant diseases despite a high microbial load in the oral cavity and increased mechanical stress
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was not able to detect any signals of titanium within coated specimens since the coating layer of 20 μm was not penetrated by X-ray signals, which only reached a detection depth of 5 μm demonstrated through Monte-Carlo simulation (Fig. 4B)
Zirconia specimens (Ziraldent®) comprise a large amount of oxygen 68.1% ± 2.98 and approximately one-quarter of zirconia 21.4% ± 3.59 with a minor proportion of aluminum 12.3% ± 0.32 as well as small amounts of yttrium 1.5% ± 0.17. This chemical composition could not be altered by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment irrespective of the exposure time
Summary
The main goal in modern dental implantology is to maintain biological stable conditions and prevent peri-implant diseases despite a high microbial load in the oral cavity and increased mechanical stress. Histological and biomechanical evidence strongly suggests that different surface alterations could manipulate soft and hard tissue integration and may influence healing and anchorage of the dental implant [2, 3]. The mechanisms of osseointegration may be altered by non-thermal plasma treatment depending on different chemical compositions and surface coatings of the biomaterial. Markers for cell proliferation, extracellular matrix formation, and cell adhesion were differently regulated depending on the application time of CAP treatment in MG-63 cells and gingival fibroblasts. Conclusions CAP application is beneficial for dental implant materials to allow for faster proliferation and adhesion of cells from the surrounding tissue on both titanium and zirconia implant surfaces with different surface properties. Clinical relevance The healing capacity provided through CAP treatment could enhance osseointegration of dental implants and has the potential to serve as an effective treatment option in periimplantitis therapy
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