Abstract
Background and objectiveChronic kidney disease (CKD) comprises a spectrum of pathophysiologic processes with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk mediated mostly by endothelial dysfunction other than traditional risk factors. The present study is carried out to see the cardiovascular risk in CKD patients with special reference to the determinants of endothelial dysfunction.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 60 CKD patients along with 120 healthy controls in the age group 18-50 years belonging to the same ethnicity and localities. Demographic and clinico-laboratory information including markers of endothelial dysfunction were recorded followed by univariate and multivariate analyses to assess the relationship between CKD and CVD risk.ResultsCases comprised of 60 CKD patients (mean age = 38.47±8.56 years) including 35 (58%) females and 25 (42%) males. Etiology in 43% of cases was idiopathically followed by diabetes and hypertension (42%) and obstructive uropathy (13%). On comparing the means of inflammatory markers between cases and controls, calcium phosphate product, c-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) ratio was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cases as compared to controls but carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and low-density cholesterol (LDL) did not show a significant difference (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur study showed uniformly higher levels of inflammatory markers in cases irrespective of age and gender except for LDL and CIMT which uniquely showed a positive correlation with age. CKD patients require appropriate treatment and preventive measures for CVD with a high index of suspicion as endothelial dysfunction cannot be adequately gauged by traditional risk scoring methods.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) comprises a spectrum of pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Demographic and clinico-laboratory information including markers of endothelial dysfunction were recorded followed by univariate and multivariate analyses to assess the relationship between CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
Cases comprised of 60 CKD patients including 35 (58%) females and 25 (42%) males
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) comprises a spectrum of pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death, is mostly precipitated by cardiometabolic risk and chronic kidney disease. Traditional risk factors cannot exclusively explain the high prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease, other non-traditional risk factors such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance have increasingly been studied. Hypertension, inflammation, diabetes-associated factors such as advanced glycated end products, and uremic toxins are some of the prevalent risk factors of endothelial dysfunction in CKD [1-2]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) comprises a spectrum of pathophysiologic processes with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk mediated mostly by endothelial dysfunction other than traditional risk factors. The present study is carried out to see the cardiovascular risk in CKD patients with special reference to the determinants of endothelial dysfunction
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