Abstract
The gut-brain axis is now considered as a major actor in the control of glycemia. Recent discoveries show that the enteric nervous system (ENS) informs the hypothalamus of the nutritional state in order to control glucose entry in tissues. During type 2 diabetes (T2D), this way of communication is completely disturbed leading to the establishment of hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance. Indeed, the ENS neurons are largely targeted by nutrients (e.g., lipids, peptides) but also by inflammatory factors from different origin (i.e., host cells and gut microbiota). Inflammation, and more particularly in the intestine, contributes to the development of numerous pathologies such as intestinal bowel diseases, Parkinson diseases and T2D. Therefore, targeting the couple ENS/inflammation could represent an attractive therapeutic solution to treat metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of the crosstalk between intestinal immune cells and ENS neurons in the control of glycemia. In addition, given the growing evidence showing the key role of the gut microbiota in physiology, we will also briefly discuss its potential contribution and role on the immune and neuronal systems.
Highlights
We focus on the role of the crosstalk between intestinal immune cells and enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons in the control of glycemia
How make the link between gut microbiota, immunity and metabolic diseases? The development of metabolic disorders is clearly linked with modification of the gut microbiota population, but there are many other factors in the intestine that are disturbed in pathological state
This is associated with alteration of the gut microbiota composition and activity (Everard et al, 2011, 2014b; Kim et al, 2012; Molinaro et al, 2017) have shown that gut colonization of germ-free mice induces a bi-phasic inflammation that participates to a bi-phasic impairment of glucose metabolism
Summary
Inflammation and Gut-Brain Axis During Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on the Crosstalk Between Intestinal Immune Cells and Enteric Nervous System The ENS neurons are largely targeted by nutrients (e.g., lipids, peptides) and by inflammatory factors from different origin (i.e., host cells and gut microbiota).
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