Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Capacity of Community Health Institutions in Beijing: Current Status and Recommendations for Problems

Perceptions of capacity for infectious disease control and prevention to meet the challenges of dengue fever in the face of climate change: A survey among CDC staff in Guangdong Province, China

Community Health Practitioners [CHPs] play a critical role in Nigeria's primary healthcare system, serving as frontline workers in infectious disease prevention and control. Despite their importance, a comprehensive synthesis of their roles, the diseases they address, and the challenges they face remains limited. The aim of this review is to map and synthesize available evidence on the roles of Community Health Practitioners in infectious disease prevention and control in Nigeria. This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews [PRISMA-ScR] 2020 guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI] methodology. The protocol was formally registered on the Open Science Framework [OSF]. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciSpace, African Journals Online [AJOL], WHO reports, and Nigerian Ministry of Health publications. Studies published up to December 2025 that examined CHPs' involvement in infectious disease prevention and control in Nigeria were included. Data were extracted on CHP roles, infectious diseases addressed, challenges faced, and gaps in the literature. A total of 93 unique studies were identified and screened, with 30 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. CHPs performed diverse roles, including disease surveillance and notification, case detection and diagnosis, treatment, health education and community mobilization, immunization services, outbreak response, and infection prevention and control. The most frequently addressed infectious diseases were malaria [n=15], COVID-19 [n=10], vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, polio, and meningitis [n=8], and other diseases such as Lassa fever, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, and pneumonia. Major challenges included inadequate training and knowledge gaps [n=12], resource and infrastructure limitations [n=10], poor remuneration and lack of incentives [n=7], inadequate supervision and administrative support [n=6], and community acceptance issues [n=4]. Conclusively, CHPs are integral to infectious disease prevention and control in Nigeria, performing multifaceted roles across diverse disease contexts. However, significant systemic challenges, including inadequate training, resource constraints, and poor remuneration, limit their effectiveness. Strengthening CHP capacity through enhanced training, improved resource allocation, better remuneration, and robust supervision systems is essential for optimizing their contribution to infectious disease control and achieving universal health coverage in Nigeria.

Objective Evaluation on implementation of national continuing medical education （CME） base programme about infectious disease control and prevention during 2010-2012, in order to improve management of CME . Methods According to data from national CME system, using Excelland SPSS 13. 0 to analyze project hosting days, places, teachers, class hour, students and training effect. Results 40 projects were conducted during 2010-2012. Most hosting days were 3-5d, and accumulated in eastern and western areas. Teachers almost have senior professional titles. The majority of students have junior and intermediate technical titles. The highest students’ degree of satisfaction is progressiveness of training content. Conclusions Implementation of projects are overall good. CME play an important role in infectious disease control and prevention. It is need to expand the scale and enhance surveillance to play CME’ role in health worker’ training. Key words: Infectious disease control and prevention; Continuing medical education; Training base; Evaluation

With the acceleration of urbanization and the increase of population mobility, the public health and safety situation in the main urban area of Chongqing, as a modern metropolis with rapid economic development and dense population, has become increasingly complex and severe. The outbreak and spread of infectious diseases pose a serious threat to the lives and health of community residents and social stability, so it is crucial to strengthen the research on the prevention and control system of infectious diseases in grassroots community health service centers. Grassroots community health service centers in the main urban areas of Chongqing are the foundation and frontier of the entire public health prevention and control system, which is directly related to the health level of community residents and community public health safety. In the current global context of multiple, new, and frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases, it has become imperative to strengthen the construction of the infectious disease prevention and control system of grassroots community health service centers to improve the effectiveness and level of infectious disease prevention and control. This study will focus on the infectious disease prevention and control system of grassroots community health centers in the main urban areas of Chongqing, aiming to deeply analyze its composition structure, functional positioning, operation mechanism, personnel quality and facilities and equipment. Through the study and analysis of the infectious disease prevention and control system, existing problems and bottlenecks will be identified, and feasible and operable optimization suggestions will be made to promote the improvement and enhancement of the infectious disease prevention and control system. The significance of this study is not only to provide scientific basis and practical guidance for the improvement of the infectious disease prevention and control system in the main urban area of Chongqing, but also to provide reference and experience sharing for similar problems in other cities and regions, so as to jointly promote the modernization and standardization of the infectious disease prevention and control system of China's grassroots community health service centers, in order to ensure the health and safety of the community residents.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) represent a key tool in modern research in veterinary epidemiology, enabling precise integration, analysis, and visualization of spatial data related to the spread and control of infectious animal diseases. QGIS is a free and open-source software platform used for map creation, spatial analysis, and data processing relevant to the surveillance and control of infectious diseases in domestic animals. The application of QGIS technology enables the identification of spatial patterns in the spread of infectious disease agents, identification of high-risk areas, and the assessment of various environmental factors that may influence transmission pathways and the spread of infectious diseases. QGIS can be used for planning and implementing biosecurity measures in different production systems, as well as for preparing and conducting vaccination campaigns, leading to more effective surveillance, control, and prevention of infectious diseases in domestic animals. The study presents practical examples of QGIS applications in veterinary epidemiology, with a particular focus on the spatial spread analysis of African swine fever (ASF) in the Republic of Serbia. QGIS was used to perform spatial analysis of risk factors such as the number of pigs in various regions and the structure of farms. This approach enabled the identification of potential high-risk zones and improved understanding of population dynamics in ASF spread. The analysis was supported by statistical data processing, including visualization with pie charts integrated into spatial maps, providing a clearer overview of risk factors. This approach may contribute to more informed decision-making in the control and prevention of infectious diseases in domestic animals. Geospatial analyses can play a significant role in national plans for the control and prevention of infectious diseases in domestic animals. Therefore, it is essential that the use of such tools be actively considered as part of national programs for the control, prevention, and eradication of infectious animal diseases.

This paper seeks to probe the current status of the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of outpatient medical staff regarding the prevention and control of infectious diseases at a maternity and childcare hospital. A survey was done among 168 outpatient medical staff members selected through convenience sampling, with a specifically designed questionnaire adopted to assess their KAP on infectious disease prevention and control. For data analysis, SPSS 23.0 statistical software was harnessed. Based on different types of data, t tests or χ2 tests were taken for group comparisons. Logistic regression analysis was implemented to identify relevant influencing factors. Among the 168 medical personnel who participated in the survey, 166 valid questionnaires were obtained, yielding an effective rate of 98.81%. The total score for the infectious disease prevention and control KAP questionnaire among the 166 respondents was (69.75 ± 7.88) points, with scores for the knowledge, attitude, and practice dimensions being (20.05 ± 3.22), (24.19 ± 3.55), and (25.51 ± 3.56) points, respectively. Multifactor logistic regression analysis unraveled that having fewer than 10 years of work experience (odds ratio [OR] = 4.289, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.267–14.514), education below a bachelor’s degree (OR = 5.859, 95% CI = 1.420–24.169), administrative/technical positions (OR = 5.244, 95% CI = 1.656–16.601), junior and intermediate professional titles (OR = 4.802, 95% CI = 1.333–17.302), and fewer than 3 training sessions (OR = 6.534, 95% CI = 1.375–31.038) were independent risk factors affecting the knowledge of infectious disease prevention and control among outpatient medical staff (P < .05). As for independent risk factors influencing practices, they included education below a bachelor’s degree (OR = 4.289, 95% CI = 1.255–14.657), administrative/technical positions (OR = 4.764, 95% CI = 1.319–17.198), junior professional titles (OR = 5.063, 95% CI = 1.202–21.341), fewer than 3 training sessions (OR = 4.894, 95% CI = 1.382–17.326), lack of clinical teaching (OR = 5.590, 95% CI = 1.094–28.552), as well as a moderate level of importance placed on infection control (OR = 5.063, 95% CI = 1.596–16.062; P < .05). Overall, outpatient medical staff at the maternity and childcare hospital exhibited notable gaps in their KAP regarding infectious disease prevention and control. Factors such as shorter work experience, lower educational qualifications, nonclinical roles, junior and intermediate professional titles, and fewer training sessions on infectious diseases contributed to these deficiencies.

The purpose of this study is to consistently secure infectious disease policy goals through analysis of the central government's main policy directions and local government work analysis in the field of infectious diseases, and to develop indicators that local governments can implement. Specifically, the goal is to develop a new evaluation system and evaluation indicators for the infectious disease prevention and control work performed by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and local governments through analysis of the current status of infectious disease response management by local government. In order to develop local government infectious disease preventions and control evaluation system and integrated evaluation indicators(draft), the research was designed in three stages. The first local government infectious disease preventions and control evaluation indicators were derived through the infectious disease control project evaluation indicators conducted annually by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency for local governments, 2023 budget and fund operation plan, the 3rd basic plan for infectious disease prevention and control, and comprehensive plan for national health promotion. In the second stage, based on the developed primary evaluation indicators, the validity and reliability of the indicators were verified through a Focus Group Interview (FGI) with officials from each department of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. In the third stage, a group of experts related to infectious disease prevention and control were selected and the content validity of the evaluation indicators derived through stages 1 and 2 was verified through two Delphi surveys. As a result of the analysis, a total of 76 local government infectious disease prevention and management indicators were derived.

Systematic Review: National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System in China

Infectious diseases remain a major public health burden in Nigeria, straining limited health resources. Effective response requires intersectoral collaboration, engaging sectors like health, education, water, and sanitation, to address underlying determinants and promote sustainable prevention strategies, especially in the face of complex, systemic health challenges. This review critically examines intersectoral collaboration for infectious disease prevention and control in Nigeria, emphasising the need for a coordinated, adaptive, and sustainable approach involving all sectors. This review adopted a narrative approach, retrieving relevant research articles from PubMed, Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ) and Google Scholar. Websites of the World Health Organisation and the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Ministries of Health, and Information (Nigeria), were consulted for relevant reports on infectious diseases prevention and control in Nigeria. The initial search yielded 146 records out of which 51 were considered eligible and included in the review. The review adopted system theory, which offered an analytical framework to facilitate the understanding of the interrelated roles and dynamics between sectors. Findings reveal that intersectoral collaboration in Nigeria is hindered by fragmented governance, poor coordination, inadequate funding, and policy misalignment. However, enabling factors include shared goals, donor support, and crisis-driven collaboration. Systems Theory highlights the interconnectedness of sectors and the importance of adaptive feedback loops, reinforcing the need for integrated strategies to strengthen collaborative responses to infectious disease challenges in Nigeria. It was concluded that strengthening intersectoral collaboration through policy reforms, sustained funding, and community engagement is essential for Nigeria’s infectious disease control. Applying systems thinking fosters resilient, coordinated actions that improve long-term health outcomes across sectors.

Public health nurses are the main task force for the infectious disease control and prevention in Taiwan. Reports on the work load and stress remain limited. In this study, the public health nurses in 41 public health centers in 2 counties were evaluated with a self-complete questionnaire which aimed to measure the work load and stress related to infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, chronic infectious diseases other than tuberculosis, acute infectious diseases, and immunization. Of 330 public health nurses enrolled, 158 (47.9%), 110 (33.3%), and 58 (17.6%) participants showed low motive for tuberculosis control and prevention, immunization, and administrative routines, respectively. The factors that contributed to the stress for tuberculosis control and prevention included frequent policy changes, heavy work load, and heavy paper work. The factors that contributed to the control and prevention for chronic infectious diseases other than tuberculosis included challenge for contact investigation, challenge for thorough case investigation, and challenge for establishing mutual trust with the case patients. The factors that contributed to the stress for acute infectious disease control and prevention included constrained time frame for case investigation, heavy work load, and challenge for contact investigation. The factors that contributed to the stress for immunization included cold train maintenance, malpractice for immunization, and adverse events for immunization. In conclusion, public health nurses showed high stress and low motive for practicing major infectious disease control and prevention. To remit the stress might improve their motivation for infectious disease control and prevention.

Health-care provision for displaced populations arriving from Ukraine

Chapter 18 - Internet of Things for control and prevention of infectious diseases

개인정보자기결정권은 헌법전에 명문으로 규정되지 않았음에도 불구하고 헌법해석에 의해 기본권으로 인정되는 기본권이다. 그리고 개인정보자기결정권이라는 기본권은 정보화시대에 정보주체의 사생활 보호 등 여러 보호영역과의 관련성을 갖는 중요한 기본권이다. 그런데 메르스 사태 이후 현재의 코로나19 상황에 이르기까지 감염병 예방과 전파방지의 과정 속에서 개인정보의 제한과 침해에 대한 숙고와 검토가 필요하다는 것이 자명해졌다. 왜냐하면 실제로 코로나 19에 대한 효과적 대응을 위한 정보공개 시스템 실행의 이면에는 확진환자 개인의 사생활이 여과 없이 공개되는 부작용 발생이 적지 않았기 때문이다. 이미 국가인권위원회도 확진자의 과도한 사생활 노출로 인한 인권침해가 발생하지 않도록 해야 한다고 권고한 바 있다. 이러한 상황에 대한 문제의식을 바탕으로 이 글에서는 개인의 민감정보 등 개인정보 공개와 관련한 개인정보 보호법과 감염병 예방법의 관련 규정들을 상관적으로 검토하였다. 특히 개인정보자기결정권과 관련하여 감염병 예방법상의 정보공개와 관련된 규정인 제34조의2 규정을 중심으로, 확진자의 내밀한 사생활을 보호할 수 있는 세부적이고 합리적인 공개기준의 정립 여부와 특히 위치정보 등의 공개로 인한 권리침해의 문제에 대해 살펴 보았다. 일반적인 개인정보와 구분되는 개인위치정보의 특성을 고려할 때 개인위치정보가 개인정보 보호법상의 민감정보에 해당될 수 있는가, 개인위치정보의 분류에 관하여 온라인행태정보유형으로 생존하는 개인에 관한 정보로써 개인정보 가명가공정보익명가공정보 중 어디에도 해당하지 않는 정보유형으로 새로이 “개인관련정보”를 입안하는 방안의 검토, 감염병 예방법상 개인위치정보를 비롯한 개인정보를 제공하고 공개함으로써 발생될 수 있는 권리침해에 관한 대책과 절차에 대해 검토하였다. 개인정보에 관련된 법제는 그 정보의 보호와 이용이 동시에 고려되어야 할 필요가 있다. 즉 개인정보 관련법제는 ‘개인정보의 유용성 배려’와 ‘개인의 권리이익 보호’의 균형을 맞추는 병존적 구조를 반영한 것이어야 할 것이다. 다만 양법익 간의 관계에 있어서는 ‘개인의 권리이익 보호’가 우선적으로 고려되는 것이어야만 함은 물론이다. 안전사회 추구로 인한 부작용을 간과해서는 안되는 것도, 개인정보의 유통으로 인한 비재산적 손해에 대한 배상책임을 고민해야 하는 것 도 이러한 헌법정신에 기인한다고 하겠다. 감염병 예방법의 새로운 수정이 시작되어야 한다.The right to self-determination of personal information is a basic right recognized as a basic right by constitutional interpretation, even though it was not prescribed in the Constitution. And this right is an important basic right that has relevance to various areas of protection, such as protection of the privacy of the information subject in the information age. However, from the MERS outbreak to the current COVID-19, it has become apparent that it is necessary to consider and review the restrictions and infringements of personal information in the process of preventing infectious diseases and preventing transmission. This is because, in fact, behind the implementation of the information disclosure system for effective response to COVID-19, there were not a few occurrences of side effects in which the personal life of confirmed patients was disclosed without filtering. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea has already recommended that human rights violations should not occur due to excessive exposure of the confirmed person s private life. Based on the awareness of the problem in this situation, in this article, the related regulations of the Personal Information Protection Act and the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act related to the disclosure of personal information, such as personal sensitive information, were reviewed correlatively. In particular, with respect to the right to self-determination of personal information, detailed and reasonable disclosure standards have been established to protect the confidential personal life of the confirmed person, with a focus on Article 34-2, which is a regulation related to the disclosure of information in the Infectious Disease Prevention Act, and, in particular, disclosure of location information, etc., I reviewed the problem of infringement of rights caused by. Considering the characteristics of personal location information that are distinguished from general personal information, can personal location information correspond to sensitive information of the Personal Information Protection Act?, review of a plan to devise a new “personal-related information” as an information type, review measures and procedures for rights infringement that may occur by providing and disclosing personal information including personal location information in the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act. Legal systems related to personal information need to consider the protection and use of the information at the same time. In other words, the legislation related to personal information should reflect the coexistence structure that balances “consideration of the usefulness of personal information” and “protection of individual rights and interests”. However, in the relationship between the two legal interests, ‘protection of individual rights and interests’ should be given priority. It can be said that this constitutional spirit should not overlook the side effects caused by the pursuit of a safe society and the need to consider liability for compensation for non-property damages caused by the distribution of personal information. A new modification of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act must be initiated.

Immune Response 2019: Peste des petits ruminants - Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiologystudies and Several Viral Diseases - Samuel E. Mantip - National Veterinary Research Institute

Background: Health care workers have critical roles to play in breaking the chain of infections in health care settings. The outbreak of Lassa Fever and Ebola Virus Disease in the West African sub-region in recent times is a rationale for a dire need for a strong epidemic preparedness system. The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge and practice of preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control among healthcare workers in secondary health care facilities in Osogbo, Nigeria.Methods: It was a Descriptive cross sectional study and 340 healthcare workers were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Research instrument used were semi structured pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 17 .0.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 42 + 8.9 years. Out of the 340 healthcare workers studied 88.7% had good knowledge, while 72% and 67% had favorable attitude and good practice towards preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control respectively. Three hundred and eight (90.6%) said they washed their hands regularly before and after procedures. Only 37.4% said they still recap used needles and 31.8% said they have Infectious Disease Prevention and Control committee in their health facility. One hundred and ninety eight (58.2%) said they normally practice quarantine for eligible suspected cases and 77.4% perceived themselves to be at occupational risk of contracting infectious diseases. Having more than ten years of working experience was the major predictor of likelihood to have good knowledge, attitude and practice of preparedness on binary logistic regression analysis.Conclusion: The gap between knowledge and practice of preparedness for Infectious Disease and prevention Control calls for improved awareness and training among health workers, and their consistent monitoring towards behavioural change.