Infecciones y fingolimod

Abstract

Fingolimod is the first approved drug with oral availability for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. To review the mechanism of action of fingolimod and its relationship with the development of infections. To propose preventive measures for those patients who are receiving the drug or will initiate a new treatment. In addition, the role of fingolimod in the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy on the basis of recent knowledge of its pathophysiology will be discussed. The mechanism of action of fingolimod is based on an antagonic effect on the sphingosine 1-phospate receptors that will generate an inhibition of the egress of naive and central memory lymphocytes into the bloodstream, allowing the free recirculation of memory effectors T lymphocytes. This effect will produce lymphopenia. Fingolimod-associated lymphopenia is a consequence of lymphocyte redistribution, and it is selective and reversible. There is no evidence of higher number of opportunistic and non-opportunistic infections in comparison to placebo or interferon beta-1a in patients receiving fingolimod. However, two patients developed severe herpetic infections under fingolimod. Fingolimod induce a selective and reversible lymphopenia that, taking into account the most recent available data, does not seem to be associated with higher risk of opportunistic infections due to a preservation of immuno-surveillance. The risk of herpesvirus infection should be taken into consideration and more studies are warranted to confirm if an association of these infections with the use of fingolimod exists.