Industrial Applications of Lasers

Abstract

Preface. Acknowledgments. Historical Prologue: Fundamentals of Lasers. Electromagnetic Radiation. Elementary Optical Principles. Energy Levels. Interaction of Radiation and Matter. Laser Materials. Population Inversion. Resonant Cavity. Selected References.Properties of Laser Light: Linewidth. Beam Divergence Angle. Spatial Profiles of Laser Beams. Temporal Behavior of Laser Output. Coherence. Radiance. Focusing Properties of Laser Radiation. Power. References. Selected Additional References. Practical Lasers: Gas Lasers. Solid State Lasers. Semiconductor Lasers. Organic Dye Lasers. References. Selected Additional References. Trends in Laser Development: Semiconductor Lasers. Diode-Pumped Solid State Tunable Lasers. Chemical Lasers. Free Electron Lasers. X-Ray Lasers. References. Selected Additional References. Laser Components and Accessories: Mirrors. Optics. Polarizers. Infrared Materials. Detectors. Modulators. Light Beam Deflectors. Q-Switches. Nonlinear Optical Elements. Optical Isolators. Raman Shifters. Injection Seeders. Beam Profilers. Optical Tables. Spatial Light Modulators. Beam Homogenizers. Selected References. Care and Maintenance of Lasers: Damage and Deterioration of Lasers.Care and Maintenance. References. Selected Additional References. Laser Safety: Physiological Effects. Laser Safety Practices and Standards. References. Selected Additional References. Alignment, Tooling and Angle Tracking: Position-SensitiveDetectors. Laser Tooling. Angle Tracking. Lasers in Construction. References. Selected Additional References. Principles Used in Measurement: The Michelson Interferometer. Beat Production (Heterodyne). The Doppler Effect. Coherence Requirements. Selected References.Distance Measurement and Dimensional Control: Interferometric Distance Measurement. Laser Doppler Displacement. Beam Modulation Telemetry. Pulsed Laser Range Finders. A Laser Interferometer Application in Mask Production: A Specific Example of Distance Measurement and Dimensional Control. References. Selected Additional References. Laser Instrumentation and Measurement: Velocity Measurement. Angular Rotation Rate. Diffractive Measurement of Small Dimension: Wire Diameter. Profile and Surface Position Measurement. Measurement of Product Dimension. Measurement of Surface Finish. Particle Diameter Measurement. Strain Measurement. Vibration. Cylindrical Form Measurement. Defect Detection. Surface Flaw Inspection Monitor-A Specific Example. Summary. References. Selected Additional References. Interaction of High-Power Laser Radiation with Materials: References. Selected Additional References. Laser Applications in Material Professing: Selected References. Applications of Laser Welding: Seam Welding-Subkilowatt Levels. Welding with Multikilowatt Lasers Spot Welding. Specific Examples of Laser Welding Capability. Summary. References. Selected Additional References. Applications for Surface Treatment: Hardening. Glazing. Laser Alloying. Laser Cladding. Specific Examples of Laser Heat Treating Capability. References. Selected Additional References. Applications for Material Removal: Drilling, Cutting, Marking: Laser-Induced Material Removal. Hole Drilling. Cutting. Scribing. Marking. Balancing. Paint Stripping. Laser Deposition of Thin Films. Specific Examples of Material Removal. References. Selected Additional References. Lasers in Electronic Fabrication: Established Applications in Electronics.Applications in Integrated Circuit Fabrication. Summary. A Specific Example-Laser-Based Photomask Repair. References. Selected Additional References. Principles of Holography: Formation of Holograms. The Holographic Process. Hologram Types and Efficiency. Practical Aspects of Holography. References. Selected Additional References. Applications of Holography: Holographic Interferometry. A Miscellany of Applications. Holographic Optical Elements. An Example of Holographic Application. References. Selected Additional References. Laser Applications in Spectroscopy: Lasers for Spectroscopic Applications. Types of Laser Spectroscopy. Applications of Laser Spectroscopy. References. Selected Additional References. Chemical Applications: Laser-Initiated Reactions. Laser-Altered Reactions. Laser Monitoring of Chemical Dynamics. Isotope Separation. References. Selected Additional References. Fiber Optics:References. Selected Additional References. Integrated Optics: Optical Waveguides. Components for Integrated Optics. Integrated Optic Circuits. Applications. References. Selected Additional References. Information Related Applications of Lasers: Lightwave Communications. Optical Data Storage. Optical Data Processing. Laser Graphics. Consumer Products. References. Selected Additional References. Epilogue--A Look at the Future. References. Selected Additional References.