Abstract
Preventing accidents at level crossings is a global-size problem. Despite all the European railways having planned to replace them with underpasses or overpasses, it is expected that, for the next 20 years, there will still be a strong need for additional automatic protection to be achieved with, for example, a radar detection system. In this article, we present and compare the different antenna solutions that have been designed and manufactured for a 77-GHz level-crossing monitoring frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, from its first release to the final commercial product. Antenna performances, reliability, and reproducibility characteristics are analyzed in light of manufacturing costs.
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