Abstract
Grape skin and turmeric extracts having the major components resveratrol and curcumin, respectively, were used for the induction of cryptic and bioactive metabolites in an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Syzygium cumini. The increase in total amount of crude compounds in grape skin and turmeric extract treated cultures was 272.48 and 174.32%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Among six human pathogenic bacteria tested, the maximum inhibitory activity was found against Aeromonas hydrophila IMS/GN11 while no inhibitory activity was observed against Enterococcus faecalis IMS/GN7. The crude compounds derived from turmeric extract treated cultures showed the highest DPPH free radicals scavenging activity (86.46% inhibition) followed by compounds from grape skin treated cultures (11.80% inhibition) and the control cultures (1.92% inhibition). Both the treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude metabolites compared to the control. HPLC profiling of crude compounds derived from grape skin and turmeric extract treated cultures revealed the presence of additional 20 and 14 cryptic compounds, respectively, compared to the control. These findings advocate the future use of such dietary components in induced production of cryptic and bioactive metabolites.
Highlights
The term endophytes was coined by the German scientist de Bary (1866) for any organism that inhabit healthy plant tissues internally, without causing any identifiable disease symptoms to the host
The amount of crude secondary metabolite extracted was highest (406 ± 3.46 mg/500 ml of broth) from the cultures of C. gloeosporioides treated with grape skin extract followed by the cultures treated with turmeric extract (299 ± 9.07 mg/500 ml of broth) and the lowest (109 ± 9.54 mg/500 ml of broth) in the control cultures
In contrast to control the amount of secondary metabolites secreted was 272.48 and 174.32% more in the cultures treated with grape skin and turmeric extracts, respectively
Summary
The term endophytes was coined by the German scientist de Bary (1866) for any organism (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, etc.) that inhabit healthy plant tissues internally, without causing any identifiable disease symptoms to the host. The success of obtaining fungal taxol has initiated a paradigm for the search of still other bioactive compounds to be found in endophytic microbes. Later several other host mimetic compounds were reported from endophytic fungi such as, camptothecine, vincristine, vinblastine, rohitukine, azadirachtine, and piperine. Such alternative potential fungal sources may reduce the prices of host mimetic compounds and over exploitation of host plants (Verma et al, 2009; Kusari et al, 2012; Chithra et al, 2014; Su et al, 2014; Monggoot et al, 2017). More than 100 anticancer compounds have been reported alone from fungal endophytes between the period of 1990–2010 (Kharwar et al, 2011)
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