Abstract
Herein, we report the growth of In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanomaterials, i.e., stepped hexagonal nanorods and nanodisks by the thermal evaporation process using metallic zinc and indium powders in the presence of oxygen. The as-grown IZO nanomaterials were investigated by several techniques in order to examine their morphological, structural, compositional and optical properties. The detailed investigations confirmed that the grown nanomaterials, i.e., nanorods and nanodisks possess well-crystallinity with wurtzite hexagonal phase and grown in high density. The room-temperature PL spectra exhibited a suppressed UV emissions with strong green emissions for both In-doped ZnO nanomaterials, i.e., nanorods and nanodisks. From an application point of view, the grown IZO nanomaterials were used as a potential scaffold to fabricate sensitive phenyl hydrazine chemical sensors based on the I–V technique. The observed sensitivities of the fabricated sensors based on IZO nanorods and nanodisks were 70.43 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and 130.18 μA·mM−1·cm−2, respectively. For both the fabricated sensors, the experimental detection limit was 0.5 μM, while the linear range was 0.5 μM–5.0 mM. The observed results revealed that the simply grown IZO nanomaterials could efficiently be used to fabricate highly sensitive chemical sensors.
Highlights
Phenyl hydrazine is used for the synthesis of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, in pharmaceutical industries, rocket propellant, and explosives
Concentrations of phenyl hydrazine in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at +1.5 V using glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanorods concentrations of phenyl hydrazine in 0.1 M PBS at +1.5 V using GCE modified with IZO nanorods and nanodisks, respectively
In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanomaterials, i.e., stepped hexagonal nanorods and nanodisks were grown on silicon substrate by simple thermal evaporation process and characterized in detail were grown on silicon substrate by simple thermal evaporation process and characterized in detail using several techniques
Summary
Phenyl hydrazine is used for the synthesis of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, in pharmaceutical industries, rocket propellant, and explosives. Ions (0.074 nm), the incorporation of the In3+ ions into the ZnO crystal lattice further produces tensile strains leading to higher surface defects [40] These properties make In-doped ZnO nanostructures suitable candidates for the fabrication of electrode for the gas, electrochemical sensing, and solar cell applications. Chava et al [35] synthesized In-doped ZnO nanoparticles through a cost-effective, low-temperature aqueous solution method, and explored them for the fabrication of photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells. The use of metal oxide nanomaterials modified electrodes, through electrochemical sensing analysis, is preferred over other traditional methods due to the excellent reliability, high sensitivity, and short response and recovery times [45]. A comparison was made between the In-doped ZnO nanorods and nanodisks for the electrochemical sensing properties towards phenyl hydrazine
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