Abstract
This paper reviews the state of the art and future trends of indoor Positioning, Localization, and Navigation (PLAN). It covers the requirements, the main players, sensors, and techniques for indoor PLAN. Other than the navigation sensors such as Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the environmental-perception sensors such as High-Definition map (HD map), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), camera, the fifth generation of mobile network communication technology (5G), and Internet-of-Things (IoT) signals are becoming important aiding sensors for PLAN. The PLAN systems are expected to be more intelligent and robust under the emergence of more advanced sensors, multi-platform/multi-device/multi-sensor information fusion, self-learning systems, and the integration with artificial intelligence, 5G, IoT, and edge/fog computing.
Highlights
The Positioning, Localization, and Navigation (PLAN) technology has been widely studied and successfully commercialized in many applications such as mobile phones and unmanned systems
Indoor PLAN technology is becoming increasingly important with the emergence of new chip-level Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) sensors, positioning big data, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, as well as the increase of public interest and social potential
PLAN technology can bring a series of location services, such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS), which increases travel convenience and security, and reduces carbon emission
Summary
The Positioning, Localization, and Navigation (PLAN) technology has been widely studied and successfully commercialized in many applications such as mobile phones and unmanned systems. The vertical accuracy requirement is commonly on the floor-level For such applications, it is important to use existing consumer equipment and reduce base station deployment costs. The research works (Wolcott and Eustice 2014) and (McManus et al 2013) respectively use images from monocular and stereo cameras to match the 3D point cloud map generated by a survey vehicle equipped with 3D LiDAR scanners. The INS can provide autonomous PLAN solutions, which means it does not require the reception of external signals or the interaction with external environments Such a self-contained characteristic makes it a strong candidate to ensure PLAN continuity and reliability when the performances of other sensors are degraded by environmental factors. It is important to mitigate the influence of error sources
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