Indigenous Knowledge About Disaster in Folk Prose Narratives of Indonesian Coast

Generally, family and community have a great deal of local experience and local knowledge of disaster. Disaster education for family and community is aimed at recognizing the characteristics of a disaster and the existing social situation for the purpose of acquiring general knowledge of disasters, usually at school. Community and family structures and roles differ according to character and location such as urban, rural, coastal, near rivers, and near mountains, among others. In recent times, people's participation in the community has been affected by social changes. Earlier, historical local disaster prevention methods were passed on to other family/community members through daily activity. Recently, however, the characteristics of disasters have changed such that people now need to prepare for disasters of which they have no experience and about which they have difficulty obtaining information. It is thus necessary for communities and families to know different scenarios of disaster. "Community-Based Disaster Risk Management" is difficult to establish without linking community and household. For instance, many types of associations can be found in the community, but some do not play a direct role in disaster prevention and management. However, these associations have strong human relationships and much local knowledge. As an example, family members traditionally take care of children and old and handicapped people. Presently, lifestyles and social systems have changed such as long-distance commuting, both husband and wife working, weak family relationships, fewer children, aging, and unstable economies, among others. It is therefore necessary to carry out disaster prevention education aimed at building local capacity for disaster prevention, after determining the situation in the community and family and the roles people in the community play.

Dead skin cells can occur due to many factors, such as increasing age, sun exposure, and an unhealthy lifestyle. Signs of skin problems due to the buildup of dead skin cells are dull skin, acne, and dry skin. Body scrub is a type of skin care that can provide many benefits for skin health and beauty. Scrub is the process of exfoliating dead skin cells using a scrub or natural ingredients. Pedada fruit scrub is a natural beauty care innovation originating from the coast of Indonesia, especially from areas rich in pedada fruit plants (Sonneratia spp.). Pedada fruit is known to have high antioxidant content which can provide benefits for the skin, such as brightening it, reducing wrinkles, and fighting the effects of free radicals. This scrub uses pedada fruit extract which is rich in flavonoids, tannins and vitamin C to care for the skin naturally. This body scrub product not only offers beauty benefits but is also environmentally friendly because the raw materials are easy to find in coastal areas and do not require complicated chemical processes. This research aims to examine the benefits of pedada fruit scrub as a natural beauty solution that is rich in antioxidants.

Disasters which are resulted due to the natural or anthropogenic environmental damage processes such as deforestation, desertification, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion etc. and are increasing day by day. As such there are potentialities for outbreaks and their high risk at any places at any time. There are many literatures which suggest the possibility of disaster risk reduction and early warning through local indigenous knowledge and practices. The present study is an attempt to explore, evaluate andanalyse the local knowledge and skills that are being practiced and used to reduce the risk of various types of natural hazards. Kailali district lying in the Sudur Paschim Province of Nepal is chosen as the study area. Chure rural municipality lying within Hill areas and Tikapur urban municipality lying within Terai plain areas of the district were selected as the research sites to evaluate the landslide and flood related local indigenous knowledge and practices respectively. Using a multi-assessment methodology of collecting information through targeted group discussions, key informant interviews, household surveys, and field observation methods, an attempt has been made to analyse the data to explore indigenous local knowledge, skills, and traditional practices related to disaster risk and mitigation in the study area. The indigenous knowledge, skills and practices on disaster risk reduction and early warning system have been developed by generations and tested in the absence of the scientific developments. However, many communities have lost their local knowledge, skills, and traditional practices because of non transfer by the senior citizens to the young generations. The findings of the study indicate that indigenous and local knowledge and practices are valuable resources that can support in the process of disaster management, prevention, preparedness, and cost-effective disaster risk reduction. Therefore, the researchers view that it would be wise decision focusing the policy framework by integrating indigenous and local knowledge, wisdom, and skills of the local people.

Study and application of the training system of disaster prevention and early warning of electric power

The December 2014 Kelantan floods were the worst on records in terms of depth and extent of inundation as well as damages to properties and infrastructure. Therefore, a comprehensive and integrated flood monitoring, forecasting, and warning methods are needed to allow planning of responses to potential future floods by the government and related environmental agencies. The Kelantan state has been affected by floods every year in modern times. Meteorological and hydrological records have shown that the Kelantan River often overflows during the NE monsoon season. This preliminary due to heavy rainfall, causing an almost annual recurrence of floods to the state between the end of November till March (DID 2014/2015). Excessive land use changes such as deforestation (i.e. logging and clearing for agriculture) and increased precipitation intensity and frequency are the possible causes for this change. However, little research has been conducted to understand and quantify how these factors contribute to changes in the magnitude and frequency of flooding in the area. This research will attempt to integrate geomorphological, hydrological and meteorological data and evaluate their impact on the recurrence of the annual flood in Kelantan. The main objective of this research project is to study all factors that contribute to the flooding events in Kelantan and propose a strategy to minimize the impact of future flooding events. The methodology planned to achieve the specific objectives for this research comprises of: (i) analysis of satellite imagery and remote sensing images to map general geomorphology of Kelantan; (ii) analysis of medium-term climatic data (temperature and rainfall data) to evaluate the impact of hydrology on the flooding events. From the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map, the geomorphology of Kelantan can be clearly seen where at the southern part of Kelantan (Gua Musang and Kuala Krai area) is more hilly and highly elevated, and toward northern parts of Kelantan which cover area Kota Bharu, Pasir Puteh, Tumpat, Bachok, Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, the elevation more gentle since it near to coastal region area. This lowland geomorphology allows becoming an escape route for the water and later transported to the nearby delta before escaping to the sea which is the main basin. The fluvial geomorphology at the Kelantan Delta area is meandering since it located at downstream area. More than that, the urbanization aggressively increases at floodplain area and also forces the flooding to occur. Meanwhile the data could also identify the water flow from rivers in southern upstream highland region (Lebir River and Galas River) to Kelantan Delta area. The existence of bottle necks in southern parts of Kelantan area such as Dabong, Manek Urai, and Kuala Krai can be identified under the image whereby the river flows through a narrow or obstructed section from catchment area. It could assist to decelerate the water flow to Kelantan River in the event of flood and long duration rainfall. However, river-bottle neck will accelerate the rise of flood level in southern upstream highland area. The Kelantan River Basin experiences the northeast (NE) monsoon climate which is responsible for the heavy rains that hits the east coast of the Peninsular Malaysia, such as the state of Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang, and frequently cause overflow of riverbank flooding. The flooding that occurred in 2014/2015 was caused by heavy rains brought by the northeast monsoon winds blown from November to March. Floods in 2014 showed the total rainfall in rural areas is more dense (>60 mm) than the coastal areas (DID 2014/2015). Heavy rain began to fall in the Gunung Gagau on December 16, 2014, in which a total of 6648.0 mm in the coastal areas have been covered by 6 new stations in Kota Bharu, Tumpat, Pasir Mas, Machang, Bachok, and Pasir Puteh while in rural areas of 7373.0 mm, which also includes 6 stations, namely Dabong, Jeli, Gua Musang, Laloh, Aring and Gunung Gagau for the month of December. Continuous heavy rains until early January as recorded stations involved. Based on the preliminary geomorphological and hydrological analysis, DEM and satellite data, future development plan of residential areas, reforestation and plantation, town planning, and river engineering projects for Kelantan state should incorporate the details of the studies. Several flood management strategies are proposed here. In the southern upstream areas, desilting of the river system needs to be carried out. The deforestation projects should be stopped in the areas which forms large rainfall catchment areas. The logging activities should be limited to non-catchment, intermediate, and lowland areas. In the lowland, Kelantan delta areas, urbanization and river engineering projects need to be re-evaluated. Construction of large monsoon drains may help to distribute the floodwaters more efficiently.

Dugout canoes are traditional boat types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood, changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship, all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing equipment.

Integrated risk assessment for agricultural drought and flood disasters based on entropy information diffusion theory in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China

In the Law No. 24/2007, that actions that can be taken on disaster management include prevention, mitigation, preparedness and emergency response. One of the actions that can be done pre-disaster (mitigation) is the need to know the characteristics of disaster as one of the mitigation efforts. West Sumatera province has 19 cities and regencies where 6 of them often experience abrasion and accretion disaster because it is a coastal area directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean. This study aims to examine the characteristics of abrasion and accretion disasters along the coast of West Sumatra Province from 2003 to 2016. By knowing the characteristics of abrasion and accretion from 2003 and 2016 it will be known which beaches are experiencing abrasion or accretion. This research is qualitative and quantitative descriptive research with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis method to get characteristic of abrasion and accretion disaster in coastal area of West Sumatra. there has been a disaster of abrasion and accretion in 32 points spread across 6 districts and cities, namely West Pasaman District, Agam Regency, Padang Pariaman District, Pariaman City, Padang City and Padang Pariaman District. , an abrasion disaster in the coastal area of West Sumatra Province of 732.69 Ha and 55.4 ha of acres. This proves that the abrasion debacle causes the decrease of land in West Sumatera Province which is big enough that is average 56,3 Ha / year, while the addition of land is only 4,26 Ha / year. The farthest abrasion disasters are located in South Pesisir Regency, which is 45.70 m or 3.52 m / year on average. While the farthest accretion is in the South Pesisir Regency is as far as 36.91 or an average of 2.84 m / year.

Integrating local knowledge for climate change adaptation in Yucatán, Mexico

Changing webs—Variation of complex networks over a tidal cycle in an intertidal rocky reef

Observation of sea levels continuously is very important in order to adapt the disasters in the coastal areas. Conventionally observations of sea level using tide gauge, but the number of tide gauge installed along the coast of Indonesia is still limited. Altimetry satellite data is one solution; therefore it is necessary to assess the potential and accuracy of altimetry satellite data to complement the sea level data from tide gauges. The study was conducted in the coastal waters of Cilacap and Bali by analysis data Envisat satellite altimetry for period 2003 to 2010 and data compiled from a variety of satellite altimetry from 2006 to 2014. Data tidal was used as a comparison of altimetry satellite data. The altimetry satellite data in Cilacap and Benoa waters more than 90% could be used to assess the variation and the sea level rise during the period 2003-2010. The rate of sea level rise both the data of tidal and satellite altimetry data indicates the same rate was 3.5 mm/year in Cilacap. in Benoa are 4.7 mm/year and 5.60 mm/year respectively.

The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method (AAS) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method are often used in analyzing elements and compounds in water and sediment. The comparative method of AAS and UV-Vis analysis in sediments in this article is studied to see the accuracy of the equipment used and the efficiency of the resulting analysis. Analysis of the comparative method of phosphate analysis in coastal sediments shows differences and similarities in the use of the two instruments used even though the methods used based on the results of the review do not show significant differences. Methodologically, various types of methods can be carried out to analyze coastal sediment phosphates. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric method is generally more widely used than the AAS method. For a small number of sediment samples, the ASS method is more efficient than the UV-Vis method; however, UV-Vis is more accurate for dissolved samples because less phosphate is released when identified than the AAS method. Based on this, the AAS method is more effective in analyzing phosphate sediments in coastal areas than the UV-Vis method, but the UV-Vis method for wet samples is more accurate.Keywords:Coastal SedimentPhosphateSpectrophotometerUV-VisAAS

The need for dredgers for the shallow water in the sea with a very high level of siltation on the coast of Indonesia is a factor worth considering. For example, coastal areas in Ujung Pangkah sub-district, Gresik district, East Java province. The choice of the area is due to the many institutions and corporations that are back and forth utilizing these waterways. But the main obstacle to making a Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD) is almost all the equipment needed is imported, for example, the main equipment is the cutter head. Therefore looking at the needs, economics and technology factors, this paper will discuss the cutter head design. Available data is a request from the owner, 40KW power cutter head; 1000mm cutter diameter; 30rpm rotation. The force distribution given 5950 N is in accordance with the dredging condition which is to have a strong material tension to be estimated to work at a relatively Soft density of <100 Mpa and Medium around 100Mpa - 170Mpa. The expected results of this design are to obtain a proportional design before the production process and to function at a minimum according to specifications. The usefulness of this design really hopes to be followed up to the production stage and can be applied.

Physicochemical characteristic, nutrient, and fish production in different types of mangrove forest in North Sumatra and Aceh Provinces of Indonesia

Occurrences of extreme events are likely to cause major decline in global biodiversity. In one such event, on December 26, 2004 tsunami caused extensive damage and irreparable losses to the ecology and biodiversity of low-lying areas of the countries located around the Indian Ocean region. Archipelago of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, one of the richest centre of endemism and biodiversity in the Indo-Malayan region, suffered great loss of forests and coastal biodiversity owing to its closeness to the epicenter of tsunami, i.e. just off the coast of Indonesia. There is little insight into the resilience and rate of recovery pattern of tropical coastal habitats consequent to catastrophic impacts of tsunami. It’s important to study the impacts of tsunami on the forest and biodiversity in order to suggest mitigation, restoration measures and long-term conservation planning. Here we have assessed the immediate after-effects of December 26, 2004 tsunami on the forests and areas prioritized for biodiversity conservation analyzing pre and post tsunami satellite imageries. The effect of topographic patterns of Island’s coastal areas and their distance from the epicenter of tsunami with respect to changes in the forests and different levels of biologically rich areas modeled for prioritization for different groups of Islands in Nicobar has been studied. Great Nicobar accounted for higher proportion of total forest area damaged and submerged in Nicobar, followed by Central Nicobar and Car Nicobar. Mangroves, littoral forest, beach forest and low land swamps and Syzygium swamps were most affected. Study brings out spatially explicit scenario of damaged, submerged and lost forest areas and corresponding area statistics, vital for understanding and mitigating medium and long term effects of tsunami an extreme event.