Abstract
BackgroundIndependent mobility (IM) and perceptions of the built environment may relate differentially to children's participation in various physical activity contexts. This cross-sectional study investigated whether independent mobility and perceptions of the built environment in boys and girls were related to physical activity in three different contexts (outdoor play, structured exercise/sport, active commuting).MethodsThirteen hundred and seven 10-11 year old boys and girls from 23 schools in a large UK city completed a computerised questionnaire. Independent variables in logistic regression analyses were weekly self-reported frequency of participation in outdoor play, structured exercise/sport and mode of travel home from school. Dependent variables were perceptions of the environment (aesthetics, nuisance, safety, social norm, constraint, play space, accessibility), local and area independent mobility and linear distance from home to school. Analyses were adjusted for body mass index, minutes of daylight after school, level of neighbourhood deprivation and pubertal status.ResultsFor boys, local independent mobility (Local-IM) was related to an increased likelihood of everyday participation in play (OR 1.58: 95% CI 1.19-2.10), structured exercise/sport (OR 1.42: 1.06-1.89) and active commuting (OR 1.40: 1.07-1.87) but was only related to active commuting for girls (OR1.49: 1.07-2.07). Boys and girls were more likely to report playing out every day if they had higher scores for Social Norm (Boys: OR 1.63 (1.12-2.37); Girls: OR 1.53 (1.01-2.31)) and, for girls only, more positive perceptions of traffic safety (OR 1.63: 1.14-2.34). Easy access to a range of destinations was the dominant predictor for taking part in structured exercise/sport everyday (Boys: OR 1.62 (1.01-2.66); Girls: OR 1.65 (1.07-2.53)). Shorter distance from home to school (OR 0.99: 0.98-0.99) and, for boys only, greater perceived accessibility (OR 1.87: 1.04-3.36) were significantly related to active commuting to school.ConclusionsPerceptions of the physical environment relate differently to different physical activity contexts and by gender. The only consistent correlate for outdoor play, structured ex/sport and active commuting was higher independent mobility to visit local destinations (Local-IM) for boys. Considering both the physical activity context and its independent correlates should improve the specificity of physical activity interventions in children.
Highlights
Regular physical activity in children is associated with many physical and mental health benefits [1] and inactivity has been strongly implicated in the rise of childhood obesity [2]
Gender differences Boys had generally more positive perceptions of the environment compared to girls (Table 1) but the difference only reached significance (p < 0.05) for Local-Independent mobility (IM), Area-IM, perceptions of personal safety and traffic safety
Boys reported taking part significantly more often in play and ex/sport compared to girls but there was no gender difference in usual school travel mode (Table 2)
Summary
Regular physical activity in children is associated with many physical and mental health benefits [1] and inactivity has been strongly implicated in the rise of childhood obesity [2]. Effective interventions to increase physical activity in children beyond the school setting are limited [3,4]. One reason for this may be that physical activity behaviour and its associated determinants may be different in contrasting physical activity contexts or context specific behaviours [5]. Independent mobility (IM) and perceptions of the built environment may relate differentially to children’s participation in various physical activity contexts This cross-sectional study investigated whether independent mobility and perceptions of the built environment in boys and girls were related to physical activity in three different contexts (outdoor play, structured exercise/sport, active commuting)
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