Increased Incidence and Risk Factors of Infections by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Abstract

To investigate changes in the incidence of infections by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and analyzed whether there was an association between endogenous changes in the organism due to COVID-19 infection and the infections by ESBL-E. The study was a single-center retrospective case-control design. A total of 107 patients infected by ESBL-E during the COVID-19 pandemic were selected as the case group, while 214 uninfected patients selected by 1:2 propensity score matching (PSM) acted as the control group. Univariate analysis, LASSO logistic regression, and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the risk factors for ESBL-E infection. An interrupted time series was used to analyze the changes in the incidence of ESBL-E infections in hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The incidence of infection with ESBL-E showed a significant increase during COVID-19 (3.42 vs 4.92 per 1000 patients, p = 0.003). The incidence of ESBL-E infections increased at an average rate of 0.45 per 1000 patients per week compared to the pre-pandemic period (p = 0.022). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a length of hospitalization ≥ 15 days (OR: 2.98 (1.07-8.28), chronic kidney disease (OR: 4.25 (1.32-13.70), white blood cell (WBC) > 9.5×10^9/L (OR: 3.04 (1.54-6.01), use of hormonal drugs (OR: 2.38 (1.04-5.43), antibacterial drug use 1 type (OR: 5.38 (2.04-14.21), antibacterial drug use 2 types (OR: 23.05 (6.71-79.25) and antibacterial drug use ≥ 3 types (OR: 88.35 (8.55-912.63) were independent risk factors for infection with ESBL-E, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was a protective factor (OR: 0.14 (0.03-0.66). COVID-19 was not an independent risk factor for infection by ESBL-E. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of infections by ESBL-E increased significantly. Increased exposure to traditional risk factors were the main reasons, however, COVID-19 was not an independent risk factor for ESBL-E infection.