Abstract
A review on the fundamentals and technological advances in the incorporation of industrial solid wastes into red ceramics was updated since 1997, when the first overview on this subject was published by Dondi, Marsigli and Fabbri. Other works conducted before this period, but not covered by that overview were also reviewed. Modifications were introduced in the original categories of wastes to permit a wider variety to be considered. In addition to fuel and fluxing wastes, a category of property affecting wastes substituted the originally proposed fly-ash and plasticity reducing/ plastifying wastes categories. In order to be more comprehensive, this updated review considered industrially relevant subdivisions within each category. Accordingly, fuel wastes encompass: oily residues, blast furnace sludge, and paper industry residues. Fluxing wastes encompass: rejects from ornamental rocks, glassy residues and fluxing ashes. Property affecting wastes encompass: grog, water treatment sludge, steel-refining sludge/slag, non-fluxing ashes, mineral processing tails, galvanic sludge, spent catalyst reject, textile slurry, foundry reject sands, tannery sludge and construction and demolition leftovers.
Highlights
Today’s industrial activities and human consuming habits are generating an ever growing amount of all kinds of wastes
The results showed that, in agreement with the characteristics of the waste, its recycling into red ceramic contribute to decrease the consumption of fuel during the firing stage
The waste in the form of a sludge resulting from the sawing operation of ornamental rocks, such as granite, is a potential raw material for ceramic incorporation that could serve as a flux source
Summary
Today’s industrial activities and human consuming habits are generating an ever growing amount of all kinds of wastes. PET plastic bottles and aluminum cans are regularly collected as valuable raw materials for recyclable products [2] In spite of these efforts, a huge quantity of innumerable types of gas, liquid and solid wastes are increasingly being disposed into the environment without treatment and generating serious consequences [3]. Non-organic solid wastes, such as mining tails and industrial residues as well as civil construction and demolition leftovers, do not represent an immediate threat to the climate but are, affecting the environment [9]. These wastes, including low oily content petroleum residues, whether dried or as slurry, are still being improperly disposed in ways that cause long lasting pollution. Relatively small amounts of toxic wastes such as heavy metals to become safety dispersed in the ceramic body [16,17]
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