Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drugs, loaded in nanocarriers, have recently attracted the pharmaceutical industries due to their limited adverse side effects. The objective of the current study was to incorporate the ifosfamide (IFO) into two different essential oils-based nanoemulsions, lemon (LEM-IFO) and salvia (SAL-IFO). The antiproliferation activities of the resulted formulas were evaluated in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HeLa cervical cancers cells. The cytotoxic effect of the NE formulas was detected by the MTT assay, DAPI stain and light microscopy. The z-average diameters range of LEM-IFO and SAL-IFO, determined by the zetasizer, were 49.15–61.81 nm and 56.64–64.62 nm, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of LEM-IFO and SAL-IFO, applied into the HeLa cells, were 0.165 ± 0.025 and 0.141 ± 0.035 mM, respectively, whereas the IC50 of LEM-IFO and SAL-IFO subjected into the MCF-7 cells were 0.200 ± 0.005 mM and 0.270 ± 0.025 mM, respectively. The IC50 of the free IFO was markedly larger than LEM-IFO and SAL-IFO when applied into MCF-7 cells (9.20 ± 2.01 mM) and HeLa cells (7.69 ± 1.88 mM). Among the tested formulas, LEM-IFO and SAL-IFO have the greatest apoptotic effect on the MCF-7 and HeLa cells, respectively. Solubilizing the IFO in the essential oils-based NE has ameliorated the antitumor efficacy of IFO.
Highlights
Ifosfamide (IFO), a DNA- alkylating agent, induces apoptosis in the cancer cells through stimulating the caspases[1]
essential oils (ESSOs) cannot be used as a substituent to the chemotherapy and radiotherapy, they may be combined with anticancer agents in NE formula and thereby potentiate the drug efficacy and reduce its adverse side effects
The sizes of the dispersed nanodroplets of the entire NE formulas were homogeneously distributed as the polydispersity indexes (PDIs), measured through dividing the standard deviation by the mean of the z-average diameter, were less than 0.250
Summary
Ifosfamide (IFO), a DNA- alkylating agent, induces apoptosis in the cancer cells through stimulating the caspases[1]. Nanoemulsions (NEs) are colloidal systems that consist of emulsifiers, surfactants and/or cosurfactants, oil and water[8,9,10]. The fractions of the NEs constituents, mainly the oil and water, control the arrangement of the surfactants in the dispersed colloidal particle. ESSOs cannot be used as a substituent to the chemotherapy and radiotherapy, they may be combined with anticancer agents in NE formula and thereby potentiate the drug efficacy and reduce its adverse side effects. Plants containing LEM oil in its constituents were reported to have apoptotic effect in colon cancer cells[13], human prostate carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and breast cancer cells[14] and human cervical adenocarcinoma cells[15]. Colon cancer cells[18], breast cancer cells, amelanotic melanoma, renal cell adenocarcinoma and hormone dependent prostrate carcinoma cells[19]
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