Abstract
Juvenile scallops of Pecten maxiumus were studied to see the capability to clear out and incorporate salmon feed and feces (30 µg L-1). Algae were also given, in a low and high concentration in addition to feed and faeces, to mimic a winter and summer situation in Norwegian waters. Rhodomonas baltica and Chaetoseris muelleri were provided in a concentration of 50 µg L-1 and 300 µg L-1. The feeding trial lasted for 27 days. Clearance rate was measured to study filtration characteristics, while fatty acid profiling and stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon were used to trace the uptake of salmon feed and feces in the digestive gland and muscle of juvenile scallops (30–35 mm shell height). The results show that the scallops could clear out and retain both salmon feed and feces particles, although at a statistically lower clearance rate than the algae. Fatty acid profiling revealed that the scallops assimilated and incorporated the consumed salmon feed and feces, given with either high or low algae concentrations, in their tissues, where the fatty acid C18:1n9 was used as a tracer fatty acid. The digestive gland of the scallops that were fed salmon feed and feces contained a higher share of C18:1n9 than those that were only fed algae. The digestive gland reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet, while the fatty acid composition of the muscle, which also changed, reflected a more complex relation between diet and metabolic processes in the tissue. The use of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to trace food sources was inconclusive in this study due to low differences between samples fed different feeds. Fatty acid profiling was a more sensitive method for tracing low concentrations of salmon feed and feces in the algae diet of scallops. Our results suggest that P. maximus could be a candidate for integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and that scallops have the potential to utilize small particles of wasted salmon feed and feces during a winter situation with low phytoplankton concentration and during an algal bloom in Norwegian waters.
Highlights
The production of Norwegian salmon is estimated to increase from 1.2 million tons to 3 million tons, resulting in the use of 3.6 million tons of feed per year in 2030 (Olafsen et al, 2012)
Scallops cleared out algae more efficiently than the smaller particles of salmon feed and salmon feces when given diets of algae (R. baltica and C. muelleri), salmon feed and salmon feces (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in clearance rate between salmon feed and salmon feces (p > 0.05, Figure 2B)
When scallops were given the different diets used in the feeding experiment, there were no statistical differences in clearance rate (p < 0.05) between scallops fed a high particle concentration and scallops fed the low particle concentration
Summary
The production of Norwegian salmon is estimated to increase from 1.2 million tons to 3 million tons, resulting in the use of 3.6 million tons of feed per year in 2030 (Olafsen et al, 2012). The increasing amount of nutrients and organic loads released from the Norwegian aquaculture industry are causing environmental concerns (Taranger et al, 2014). The integration of species that are able to filter out particulate nutrient wastes originating from fish farms in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems could mitigate the possible negative environmental effects of salmon farming. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) have been shown to be capable of incorporating nutrient wastes from salmon aquaculture (Redmond et al, 2010; Handå et al, 2012a,b). While blue mussels are a low-value species, scallops like Pecten maximus are an attractive, highly valued species
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