Incorporating the Plant Phenological Trajectory into Mangrove Species Mapping with Dense Time Series Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Google Earth Engine Platform

Huiying Li,Yongxing Ren,Xin Wen,Mingming Jia,Rong Zhang

doi:10.3390/rs11212479

Abstract

Information on mangrove species composition and distribution is key to studying functions of mangrove ecosystems and securing sustainable mangrove conservation. Even though remote sensing technology is developing rapidly currently, mapping mangrove forests at the species level based on freely accessible images is still a great challenge. This study built a Sentinel-2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series (from 2017-01-01 to 2018-12-31) to represent phenological trajectories of mangrove species and then demonstrated the feasibility of phenology-based mangrove species classification using the random forest algorithm in the Google Earth Engine platform. It was found that (i) in Zhangjiang estuary, the phenological trajectories (NDVI time series) of different mangrove species have great differences; (ii) the overall accuracy and Kappa confidence of the classification map is 84% and 0.84, respectively; and (iii) Months in late winter and early spring play critical roles in mangrove species mapping. This is the first study to use phonological signatures in discriminating mangrove species. The methodology presented can be used as a practical guideline for the mapping of mangrove or other vegetation species in other regions. However, future work should pay attention to various phenological trajectories of mangrove species in different locations.

Highlights

Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems that maintain coastal ecological balance and biodiversity by providing breeding and nursing grounds for waterfowl, marine, and pelagic species [1,2,3]
The studied mangrove forest site was the core zone of the Fujian Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve (FZNNR), which has an area of 2.5 km2 and is located in the estuary of Zhangjiang River, Yunxiao County, Fujian Province, China (Figure 1)
This study indicated the feasibility and reliability of mapping mangrove species in Zhangjiang estuary using an normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series, which was built based on S2 imagery

Summary

Introduction

Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems that maintain coastal ecological balance and biodiversity by providing breeding and nursing grounds for waterfowl, marine, and pelagic species [1,2,3]. Owing to their intermediate position between the terrestrial and marine environments, mangroves are highly subjected to both natural and anthropogenic disturbances [4]. With the development of commercial sensors (high spatial resolution, hyperspectral, and active remote sensor), many studies have employed single or combined airborne or satellite imagery to map mangrove species [2,3,8]. The mapping of mangrove species with freely accessible imagery still remains a challenge, as mangrove species often exhibit similar spectral signatures and spatial textures [10]

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Methods

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Discussion

Conclusion