Abstract
Exploring efficient heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysis is crucial for advanced water purification. In this study, a series of multivariate (MTV) metal–organic framework MIL-100 (Sc 0.98, 0.95, 0.87, 0.75, 0.58, Fe 0.02, 0.05, 0.13, 0.25 0.42) catalysts with increasing Fe contents were synthesized to effectively degrade micropollutants. By incorporating the Fe-O cluster into the framework, the degradation rate of sulfamethylthiazole (SMX) was improved 11.85 times over the MTV MIL-100 (Sc 0.58, Fe 0.42). The permanent porous structures and high surface areas (1597 m2/g ∼ 1389 m2/g) facilitated the adsorption processes. Results show that the initial adsorption rates for quinolone and anti-inflammatory groups were extremely high, with v0 = 463.16 ∼ 407.15 μg/g min. The modified material enhanced the visible-light absorption and facilitated the formation of reactive oxygen species (•OH, 1O2, and O2•−) under the irradiation of solar light. Electron paramagnetic resonance trapping technologies and quenching experiments were applied. The pathway for ROS formation under solar-light irradiation was proposed in detail. Aromatic intermediates were identified and quantitatively analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. We believe that this strategy of incorporating mixed metal clusters in MOFs offers useful guidance to improve the performance of current materials.
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