Incongruence between morphological and molecular markers in the butterfly genusZizina(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in New Zealand

Abstract

The butterfly genusZizinain New Zealand has a complex taxonomic history due to the presence of morphological intermediates between the two species, the endemicZ. oxleyiand the introducedZ. labradus, in a putative hybrid zone on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. This makes species identification in the field problematic, particularly as the presence of hybrids has not been confirmed. We address this uncertainty through morphological and molecular analyses. Specimens were collected from a range of locations in New Zealand, as well as from Australia, and measurements were made of male genitalia and ventral wing coloration. Two mitochondrial genes (COI,ND5) and three nuclear gene fragments (28S,ITS2andwingless) were also sequenced for a selection of individuals, and the presence ofWolbachiaspecies in genomic DNA was tested. The two species were separable in morphological space, although there was some overlap, and the contact zone appeared to be around Kaikoura on the east coast of the South Island. Furthermore, specimens from the putative hybrid zone could be classified asZ. oxleyiusing morphological characters individually, but not when these were used in a principal component analysis. Molecular analysis showed that there was a mean sequence divergence of 2.0% between two clades for COI, and 4.1% for ND5, but suggested that the contact zone between them was in the north‐west of the South Island. However, there was only a single clade for each of the three nuclear markers. It is thought that this incongruence between morphological and molecular markers is indicative of hybridization which is more extensive than previously thought. However, the possibility that recent speciation has occurred or is occurring is not ruled out.