Abstract
Exosomes are a heterogenous subpopulation of extracellular vesicles 30–150 nm in range and of endosome-derived origin. We explored the exosome formation through different systems, including the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and ESCRT-independent system, looking at the mechanisms of release. Different isolation techniques and specificities of exosomes from different tissues and cells are also discussed. Despite more than 30 years of research that followed their definition and indicated their important role in cellular physiology, the exosome biology is still in its infancy with rapidly growing interest. The reasons for the rapid increase in interest with respect to exosome biology is because they provide means of intercellular communication and transmission of macromolecules between cells, with a potential role in the development of diseases. Moreover, they have been investigated as prognostic biomarkers, with a potential for further development as diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The interest grows further with the fact that exosomes were reported as useful vectors for drugs.
Highlights
In order to maintain homeostasis, cells continuously interact with their environment through the secretion of different types of extracellular vesicles
Syntenin binds syndecan with Alix, which interacts with several endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)
Syntenin binds syndecan with Alix, which interacts with several ESCRT (TSG101 and charged multivesicular body protein 4 (CHMP4)) proteins
Summary
In order to maintain homeostasis, cells continuously interact with their environment through the secretion of different types of extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are formed differently than microvesicles and apoptotic bodies (Figure 1), through the invagination of endosomal membrane, resulting in multivesicular body (MVBs) formation, which later fuses with PM and releases exosomes into the extracellular space [8]. ESCRT-III is responsible for the sorting and concentration of MVB cargo, as well as driving vesicle scission It participates in ESCRT recycling via recruitment of the AAA-type VPS4 ATP-ase [31]. Syntenin binds syndecan with Alix, which interacts with several ESCRT (TSG101 and charged multivesicular body protein 4 (CHMP4)) proteins It serves as an intermediate between ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III, and is involved in the budding and scission processes [7]. ESCRT-independent formation was initially described in oligodendroglial cells that secreted exosomes containing proteolipid protein (PLP) [32]. ESCRT-independent formation was initially described in oligodendroglial cells that secreted exosomes containing proteolipid. DInP rciobonscyllautisoinonfa,cttohr e6re(AaRrFe6)m[4a0,n41y],pathways of exosome formchaatpieoronneanHdSiCt7i0s s[4ti2l]l uanndclemaermwbrhaneethperrottehine soof rtlyinsogsoamneds saenqduelastetereinndgosoomf pesarctailcleudlar molecules involve differleiexponosptoommlyeesfacochrcmhaaanrtiiidosnemainnsdd,uaictneisddsTtciNlol Funnfscaelceqtaourrwe(SnhIeMttlhyPeLrpEthr) oe[4ts3eo]ri.tniInnsg,caoonnrdcilsufestqihounee,srtteehreianrregeaorvfepamarriatoincuyulsparaMtmhVwolaeBcyusslueosfbpopulations within singulinavroclveellsd.ifferent mechanisms, and proteins, or if there are various MVB subpopulations within singular cells
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