Abstract
Sociological and Political Science research has argued that political conditions affect both the occurrence of protests and the actions protesters choose. However, an approach that considers people’s perceptions on these conditions is still absent in the social psychological literature. Subjective Political Openness (SPO) is a new construct which fills this gap by incorporating features of political context into the psychological analysis of protests. We propose that SPO comprises perceptions relating to three dimensions: government actions to allow/restrict protests, police measures to actively prevent them, and the extent that public opinion legitimizes protests. We conducted two studies in the UK and Chile to validate scales created for each proposed dimension, test their measurement invariance, establish SPO’s configuration, and demonstrate its convergent validity. Participants in Study 1 were university students (n UK = 203; n Chile = 237), whereas in Study 2 a general population sample from both countries was included (n UK = 377; n Chile = 309) with the purpose of generalizing the results. Both studies consistently showed that SPO is a multidimensional construct configured as a bifactor model comprising the dimensions associated with perceptions of the government and police actions to confront protests. Although we tested two different measurement scales for the perceived legitimacy given by public opinion to protests, results demonstrated this dimension is not part of SPO. The SPO configuration has implications for both our understanding of collective action and how we study it.
Highlights
Sociological and Political Science research has argued that political conditions affect both the occurrence of protests and the actions protesters choose
We suggested that considering the valence and the content of the items related to these two dimensions, this version of the construct should be called Subjective Political Openness (SPO)-R (i.e., SPO-Repression)
An unresolved issue is the relation between SPO-R and legitimacy of protests
Summary
Sociological and Political Science research has argued that political conditions affect both the occurrence of protests and the actions protesters choose. Despite the fact that a large body of literature in sociology and political science has addressed the presence of repression, most of this work has analysed it at a macro-level (e.g., by country) and only a few studies have considered how repression might affect individuals (micro-level) (see Earl, 2011, for a review) This is important because objective repression carried out by state agents (at the macro-level) might not necessarily match with people’s evaluations of repression, and they can even be unrelated (Kurzman, 1996). In line with this, Honari (2017, 2018) has argued that social movement research should consider a subjective approach to explore people’s responses to repression, whilst it is necessary to distinguish between the actual experience of repression (experienced repression), and how state agents are perceived as threats or obstacles for political participation (perceived repression)
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