Incidence, Risk Factors, and Effects on Outcome of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Analysis of a Large, Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Longitudinal Study

Abstract

No large prospective data, to our knowledge, are available on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). To evaluate the incidence, timing, and risk factors of VAP after TBI and its effect on patient outcome. This analysis is of the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury data set, from a large, multicenter, prospective, observational study including patients with TBI admitted to European ICUs, receiving mechanical ventilation for≥ 48 hours and with an ICU length of stay (LOS)≥ 72 hours. Characteristics of patients with VAP vscharacteristics of patients without VAP were compared, and outcome was assessed at 6months after injury by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended. The study included 962 patients: 196 (20.4%) developed a VAP at a median interval of 5days (interquartile range [IQR], 3-7days) after intubation. Patients who developed VAP were younger (median age, 39.5 [IQR, 25-55] years vs51 [IQR, 30-66] years; P< .001), with a higher incidence of alcohol abuse (36.6%vs27.6%; P= .026) and drug abuse (10.1%vs4.2%; P= .009), more frequent thoracic trauma (53%vs43%; P= .014), and more episodes of respiratory failure during ICU stay (69.9%vs28.1%; P< .001). Age (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95%CI, 0.98-0.99; P= .001), chest trauma (HR, 1.4; 95%CI, 1.03-1.90; P= .033), histamine-receptor antagonist intake (HR, 2.16; 95%CI, 1.37-3.39; P= .001), and antibiotic prophylaxis (HR, 0.69; 95%CI, 0.50-0.96; P= .026) were associated with the risk of VAP. Patients with VAP had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median, 15 [IQR, 10-22] days vs8 [IQR, 5-14] days; P< .001) and ICU LOS (median, 20 [IQR, 14-29] days vs13 [IQR, 8-21] days; P< .001). However, VAP was not associated with increased mortality or worse neurological outcome. Overall mortality at 6months was 22%. VAP occurs less often than previously described in patients after TBI and has a detrimental effect on ICU LOS but not on mortality and neurological outcome. ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02210221; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.