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Abstract
Due to poor vessel quality in patients with cardiovascular diseases, there has been an increased demand for small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels that can be used as replacement grafts in bypass surgery. Decellularization techniques to minimize cellular inflammation have been applied in tissue engineering research for the development of small-diameter vascular grafts. The biocompatibility of allogenic or xenogenic decellularized matrices has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Both short-term and long-term preclinical studies are crucial for evaluation of the in vivo performance of decellularized vascular grafts. This review offers insight into the various preclinical studies that have been performed using decellularized vascular grafts. Different strategies, such as surface-modified, recellularized, or hybrid vascular grafts, used to improve neoendothelialization and vascular wall remodeling, are also highlighted. This review provides information on the current status and the future development of decellularized vascular grafts.
Highlights
IntroductionDecellularized vascular grafts that are currently on the market include products such as Artegraft® (Bovine carotid artery), Solcograft (Bovine carotid artery), ProCol® (Bovine mesenteric vein), and SynerGraft® (Bovine ureter); these products are available for clinical use [1,2]
SG 100 were not seen better in either patency or stability; No significant differences in primary patency, assisted primary patency and secondary patency; No intimal hyperplasia; Endothelialization increased from 1–3 months; smooth muscle cells (SMCs) at media; Luminal surface was covered by recipient endothelial cells; Arterial medium was fully infiltrated with recipient cells
We summarized the current strategies for the production of decellularized vascular grafts in pre-clinical and clinical studies
Summary
Decellularized vascular grafts that are currently on the market include products such as Artegraft® (Bovine carotid artery), Solcograft (Bovine carotid artery), ProCol® (Bovine mesenteric vein), and SynerGraft® (Bovine ureter); these products are available for clinical use [1,2]. Most of these grafts are used for vascular access during hemodialysis or peripheral arterial bypass when a relatively large diameter is needed. The limited performance of commercially available decellularized vascular grafts has been suggested to be due to their lack of cellularity upon implantation [6] Another disadvantage of current decellularized xenogeneic grafts is their higher cost compared with synthetic grafts. Various decellularized matrices derived from the human umbilical artery, human umbilical vein, porcine carotid artery, porcine radial artery, porcine saphenous artery, porcine iliac artery, small intestine submucosa (SIS), and bovine ureter [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14] have been continuously investigated for application in small-diameter vascular tissue engineering
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