In vivo measurement of the subchondral bone thickness of lumbar facet joint using magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

To measure in vivo thicknesses of the facet joint subchondral bone across genders, age groups, with or without low back pain symptom groups and spinal levels. Lumbar (L1-L2 to L5-S1) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 81 subjects (41 males and 40 females, mean age 37.6 years). Thicknesses of the subchondral bone were measured in 1620 facet joints using the MR images with custom-written image processing algorithms together with a multi-threshold segmentation technique using each facet joint's middle axial-slice. This method was validated with 12 cadaver facet joints, scanned with both MR and micro-computed tomography images. An overall average thickness value for the 1620 analyzed joints was measured as 1.56±0.01 mm. The subchondral bone thickness values showed significant increases with successive lower spinal levels in the subjects without low back pain. The facet joint subchondral bone thickness in asymptomatic females was much smaller than in asymptomatic males. Mean subchondral bone thickness in the superior facet was greater than that in the inferior facet in both female and male asymptomatic subjects. This study is the first to quantitatively show subchondral bone thickness using a validated MR-based technique. The subchondral bone thickness was greater in asymptomatic males and increased with each successive lower spinal level. These findings may suggest that the subchondral bone thickness increases with loading. Furthermore, the superior facet subchondral bone was thicker than the inferior facet in all cases regardless of gender, age or spinal level in the subjects without low back pain. More research is needed to link subchondral bone microstructure to facet joint kinematics and spinal loads.