Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of ethanolic extract of Salicornia herbacea (ESH), isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (I3G), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q3G), quercetin, and isorhamnetin on α-glucosidase activity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in insulin-secreting rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells. A portion of the ethyl acetate fraction of ESH was chromatographed on a silica gel by a gradient elution with chloroform and methanol to provide Q3G and I3G. ESH, Q3G, and quercetin inhibited α-glucosidase activity, and quercetin (IC50 value was 29.47 ± 3.36 μM) inhibited the activity more effectively than Q3G. We further demonstrated that ESH, Q3G, quercetin, I3G, and isorhamnetin promote GSIS in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells without inducing cytotoxicity. Among them, I3G was the most effective in enhancing GSIS. I3G enhanced the phosphorylation of total extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and activated pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), which are associated with insulin secretion and β-cell function. As components of ESH, Q3G has the potential to regulate blood glucose by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, and I3G enhances the insulin secretion, but its bioavailability should be considered in determining biological importance.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent and costly health conditions impairing patients’ quality of life worldwide [1]
This study demonstrates that extract of Salicornia herbacea (ESH) has the potential to both inhibit α-glucosidase activity and increase insulin secretion
The structures of quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q3G) and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (I3G) were elucidated by spectral analysis and comparison with the published literature [23,24]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent and costly health conditions impairing patients’ quality of life worldwide [1]. Miglitol, acarbose, and voglibose are known to induce side effects such as stomach pain, diarrhea, and bloating, known as a side effect of any compound that blocks this enzyme [3]. Sulfonylureas such as glibenclamide and gliclazide are widely used for the treatment of type 2 DM. These sulfonylureas potentiate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, but are currently being largely replaced by inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and glucosurics [4]. Side effects such as skin reactions, nausea, and dizziness have been reported [5]
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