Abstract
This study reports in vitro lipophilic antioxidant, inhibition of α-amylase and antibacterial activities of extracts of peel and pulp of citrus samples from Aceh, Indonesia. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), phytochemical, and FTIR (fourier transform infrared) analysis detected carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids and terpenoids, contributing to the biological potencies. Most peel and pulp extracts contained lutein and lower concentrations of zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. The extracts also contained flavanone glycosides (hesperidin, naringin and neohesperidin), flavonol (quercetin) and polymethoxylated flavones (sinensetin, tangeretin). L-TEAC (lipophilic trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) test determined for peel extracts higher antioxidant capacity compared to pulp extracts. All extracts presented α-amylase inhibitory activity, pulp extracts showing stronger inhibitory activity compared to peel extracts. All extracts inhibited the growth of both gram (+) and gram (−) bacteria, with peel and pulp extracts of makin showing the strongest inhibitory activity. Therefore, local citrus species from Aceh are potential sources of beneficial compounds with possible health preventive effects.
Highlights
Plants are good sources of different phytochemical substances with diverse biological properties, which may be beneficial for human health
In recent studies [19], the carotenoid contents in MeOH/THF (1 + 1, v/v extracts and contents of some flavonoids and polyphenolics in EtOH/H2O (1 + 1, v/v) extracts have been measured by either HPLC or HPLC-MS (Figure 1 and Table 1).-Lutein and-zeaxanthin are carotenoids identified in almost all citrus MeOH/THF extracts (Figure 1), while flavanones, mainly hesperidin, neohesperidin and naringin, are the main phenolic compounds having been identified (Table 1)
The infrared band at 3000–2800 cm−1 was attributed to C–H stretching vibration of methyl, methoxy and methylene groups originated from two moieties of flavonoid, i.e., benzopyran and phenyl group
Summary
Plants are good sources of different phytochemical substances with diverse biological properties, which may be beneficial for human health. The bioactivities of various citrus species extracts have been reported, including antioxidant capacity of mandarin citrus [7] and hepatoprotective activity of pomelo and kaffir lime [8]. It has been reported that aglycone forms of citrus flavanones exhibited remarkably higher inhibitory activity than glycoside forms on baker’s yeast α-glucosidase enzyme assay [16]. The present work deals with the analysis of lipophilic antioxidant capacity, α-amylase inhibitory activity and antibacterial activity of various citrus fruits originally from Aceh, Indonesia. To the best of our knowledge, there are no data available on in vitro lipophilic antioxidant capacity, α-amylase inhibition and antibacterial activity for the citrus fruits from. This study, in addition, sheds light on the initial investigations of the effects which different carotenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids contained in various citrus extracts have regarding their antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activity
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