Abstract
Apple (Malus pumila Mill.) is a popular fruit with high economic values and various biological activities that are beneficial to human health. In this study, 35 apple cultivars were collected and were evaluated for their basic quality indexes, phenolic compositions, antioxidant activity, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. The compositions of phenolics were detected by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) assays. The antioxidant activities of peel and pulp extracts from 35 apple cultivars were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Results showed that the contents of phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins showed significant correlations with the antioxidant activities. Phenolic-rich extracts significantly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation, with the inhibition activity varied significantly between cultivars. ‘Gold Delicious’ pulp extract, ‘Xiboliyabaidian’ peel and pulp extracts showed protective effects on H2O2-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). ‘Red Fuji’ peel extract, ‘Xiboliyabaidian’ peel and pulp extracts, as well as ‘Gold Delicious’ peel extract, significantly increased glucose consumption of HepG2 cells, in a dose-dependent manner. This research may provide theoretical guidance for further nutritional investigation of the apple resources.
Highlights
Apple (Malus pumila Mill.) is a widely distributed fruit classified into the Malus genus of the Rosaceae family
The results indicate that the antioxidant activity of apple may be mainly contributed by these substances
When the concentration of SPE extract was lower than 4 μg/mL, none of the groups showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of HepG2 cells, but in the concentration of more than 4 μg/mL, all the groups showed significant inhibitory effects. In some groups, such as ‘Babusijinuo’ peel extract, when the concentration was 100 μg/mL, the inhibitory rate even reached to above 80%. These results showed that the apple extracts had an inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner
Summary
Apple (Malus pumila Mill.) is a widely distributed fruit classified into the Malus genus of the Rosaceae family. It has attracted extensive attention because of its significant economic and nutritional value. Apple fruit is rich in nutritional components, including phenolics, dietary fibres, pectins, and vitamins [1,2,3]. The phenolic components abundant in apples mainly include flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcone, and anthocyanins [13]. The content and distribution of phenolics exhibited various tissue specificity [14]
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