Abstract
The Erzincan plain is one of the richest regions in Turkey in terms of plant biodiversity. In this region, the famous grape cultivar ‘Karaerik’ has always dominated grape production due to its berry characteristics. The cultivar shows great morphological variation at clonal level. In this study, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of peel, pulp and seed extracts of nine ‘Karaerik’ clones sampled from same location were investigated. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content of peel, pulp and seed extracts of nine clones. To determine antioxidant activity, three well known assays such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) were used. In addition, the correlation between total phenol content and DPPH, FRAP and TEAC was determined. Results showed that among the tissues, seed samples in berries of all clones had the highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity determined by three assays. Seed samples were followed by peel and pulp for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Among the nine ‘Karaerik’ clones, Clone 8 had the highest total phenolic content (149 mg GAE/100 g FW) while Clone 3 had the lowest (111 mg GAE/100 g FW). Peel, pulp and seed samples of nine ‘Karaerik’ clones showed strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays. In particular, grape seeds were found rich for better in phenolic compounds including gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid. Clones such as 7, 8 and 9 higher antioxidant activity may present great potential for grape breeders and the food industry as well as health-conscious consumers.
Highlights
Turkey has a superior geographical and ecological advantage in terms of the cultivation of horticultural plants including fruits, vegetables and grapes
As a matter of fact, out of 138 fruit and 100 vegetable species cultivated in the world today, more than 80 fruit species and 50 vegetable species can be grown in Turkey [1,2,3,4,5]
The majority of horticultural crops especially, grapes, small fruits and berries are rich in phenolic compounds, for example phenolic acids and flavonoids, and promote health benefits by reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome and related complications such as type 2 diabetes [10]
Summary
Turkey has a superior geographical and ecological advantage in terms of the cultivation of horticultural plants including fruits, vegetables and grapes. Due to its different climatic conditions, many fruit and vegetable species and two main Vitis species (Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca) have been grown in different regions of the country since ancient times Located in both the Near East and the Mediterranean basins, Turkey is the place of the genetic origin of many horticultural species. Widely found in particular horticultural crops, are secondary metabolites produced in the shikimic acid of plants and pentose phosphate through phenylpropanoid metabolization [6]. They include benzene rings and form simple form phenolic to highly polymerized compounds [7]. Studies have shown that many factors, such as climatic, geographic, genetic, extraction methods, etc., affect the amount of secondary metabolites in plants [12,13]
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