In Vitro Immunomodulatory Effect of Food Supplement from Aloe vera.

Zaira López,Peter Knauth,Antoni Femenia,Gabriela Núñez-Jinez,M Eduardo Cano,Teresa Espino,Michelle N Salazar Zúñiga

doi:10.1155/2019/5961742

Abstract

Food industries typically use Aloe vera as concentrated (100× to 200×) and dried powders in their final products. These powders are obtained by extrusion of Aloe inner leaf gel (ILG) or Aloe whole leaf (WLP); the juice is filtered through diatomaceous earth and activated carbon before spray drying at temperatures below 70 °C. In another process, Aloe inner leaf gel was dried at ~80 °C and mashed to a powder rich in high molecular weight fibres and soluble polysaccharides (ILF). In contrast to ILG and WLP, the ILF sample was cytotoxic for the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 (CC50 = 1 g/l), even at concentrations below the recommended dose for human consumption. At lower concentrations (250 mg/l) with LPS challenged macrophage-like THP-1 cells decreased by 40% the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β increased by 35% (compared to untreated but challenged macrophage-like THP-1 cells). Unexpectedly, under the same conditions, the less cytotoxic ILG and WLP, both samples with a lower fibre content, significantly increased (up to 2.4 times) the release of IL-10, while the concentration of IL-1β remained unaltered and of TNFα decreased by 35%. Even more interesting is that a treatment of the ILF sample with activated carbon reduced its cytotoxicity and increased the IL-10 release (3.1 times). Based on these results, we suggest applying an activated carbon treatment on Aloe-starting products, which have high fibre content and have received high temperature treatment, in order to reduce their cytotoxicity and improve their immunomodulatory properties.

Highlights

The biological activities of raw extracts from Aloe vera have been the object of a broad variety of studies
Food industries typically use Aloe vera as concentrated (100× to 200×) and dried powders in their final products. These powders are obtained by extrusion of Aloe inner leaf gel (ILG) or Aloe whole leaf (WLP); the juice is filtered through diatomaceous earth and activated carbon before spray drying at temperatures below 70 ∘C
At lower concentrations (250 mg/l) with LPS challenged macrophage-like THP-1 cells decreased by 40% the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β increased by 35%

Summary

Introduction

The biological activities of raw extracts from Aloe vera have been the object of a broad variety of studies. Among the most interesting effects are induction of apoptosis [1, 2], hepatoprotection [3], antioxidant [4, 5], antibacterial [6, 7], antidiabetic [8], antihyperglycemic [9, 10], and antiinflammatory effects [11,12,13,14] Such effects are attributed to more than 70 potentially bioactive compounds [15] present in the Aloe vera plant; these biological activities can often be attributed to a synergistic action of more than one constituent rather than to a single compound [16]. In fresh Aloe gel the soluble acemannan, an acetylated polysaccharide composed of 77% β-1,4-linkedmannosyl and 11% β-1,4-linked glycosyl residues with 0.7% terminal galactose, can be found; additional branching points are mainly at C3 with 1.7% mannosyl and at C6 with 2.5% glycosyl and 1.6% mannosyl residues achieving an average molecular weight of 30-40 kDa [20]

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