Abstract
Oral probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help prevent periodontal disease. However, little is known about the effects of oral probiotics on the formation of implant biofilms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral probiotics Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 in an in vitro complex biofilm model on titanium implant surfaces. First, it was identified through colony biofilm assay that W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 inhibit the formation of multi-species biofilms formed by eight types of bacteria. Two types of saliva-coated titanium discs inoculated with early (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Veillonella parvula), secondary (Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia), and late (Porphyromonas gingivalis) colonizers were treated with the oral probiotics and then incubated anaerobically for three days. The effects of oral probiotics on titanium disc biofilm formation were analyzed using culture methods, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and microscopic analysis. Both probiotics significantly inhibited the formation of biofilm, and all eight bacterial species were significantly reduced. The effectiveness of both probiotic strains was confirmed by all the methods used. Oral probiotics may have dramatically reduced the biofilm formation of secondary colonizers that act as bridges, thus inhibiting biofilm formation on the titanium surface. Our results suggest that the probiotic W. cibaria offers new possibilities for the prevention of peri-implant mucositis.
Highlights
When teeth are lost, implants are planted to manage the aesthetics and function of the natural teeth [1]
The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to quantify the changes in the number of the eight bacterial species during colony biofilm formation the changes in the number of the eight bacterial species during colony biofilm formation for 6 d
The results showed that the numbers of F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis for 6 d
Summary
Implants are planted to manage the aesthetics and function of the natural teeth [1]. For successful implantation and maintenance, research into improving the bone response through changes in the surface area and the shape of various titanium surface treatments, such as machining, sandblasting with large grit and acid etching (SLA), and resorbable blasted media, has been continuously conducted [6,7,8]. This titanium surface treatment obviously improves the osseointegration of implants; it promotes the development of complex biofilms, making it difficult to maintain cleanliness [2,6,9]. In order to prevent disease development, it is necessary to understand the process of complex bacterial biofilm formation on the implant surface and identify functional substances that can inhibit biofilm formation
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