Abstract
Peri-implantitis (PI) is a relatively frequent pathology that compromises the overall survival of the dental implant. Adjunctive approaches for the conventional mechanical debridement are being suggested to optimize the treatment of PI. The goal of the study was the assessment of the disinfection potential of the Q-Switch Nd: YAG laser on contaminated titanium implant surfaces. A total of 72 sterile titanium discs were used and divided into three groups: 24 contaminated titanium discs treated with the laser (study Group L), 24 contaminated titanium discs with no treatment (control 1—Group C), and 24 sterile titanium discs with no treatment (control 2—Group S). Multi-species biofilm was used: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Prevotella intermedia. Commensal bacteria were included also: Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Veillonella parvula. Parameters delivered per pulse on the targeted surfaces of the titanium discs were an energy density of 0.597 J/cm2 each pulse, a pulse power of 270 mW, a laser beam spot of 2.4 mm in diameter, and a rate of repetition of 10 Hertz (Hz) for a pulse duration of 6 nanoseconds (ns). The mode was no contact, and a distance of 500 micrometers was used with a total time of irradiation equal to 2 s (s). The collection of microbiological samples was made for all groups; colony-forming units (CFU) were identified by two different practitioners, and the average of their examinations was considered for each sample. The average of the TBC (CFU/mL) was calculated for each group. Values were 0.000 CFU/mL, 4767 CFU/mL, and 0.000 CFU/mL for Group L, Group C, and Group S, respectively. Therefore, the suggested treatment protocol was able to provoke a total disinfection of the contaminated titanium surfaces. A statistical difference was only found between Group L vs. Group C and between Group S vs. Group C. The difference was not significant between Group S and Group L. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the Q-Switch Nd: YAG laser under our specific conditions can provide a total disinfection of the contaminated titanium surfaces.
Highlights
The maintenance of a healthy peri-implant tissue presents one of the major challenges in dentistry for both practitioner and patient [1,2,3]
Araujo et al [2] concluded in the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions, co-presented by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) that a healthy peri-implant tissue presents a healthy mucosa comprised of a core of connective tissue covered by keratinized or non-keratinized epithelium and healthy intrabony tissue comprised of an implant in contact with mineralized bone [2]
Deviation from these features of the healthy peri-implant tissue may lead to two pathologies defined as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis (PI) [4,5]
Summary
The maintenance of a healthy peri-implant tissue presents one of the major challenges in dentistry for both practitioner and patient [1,2,3]. Peri-implant health can be categorized clinically by the absence of inflammatory tissues surrounding the dental implant In this context, Araujo et al [2] concluded in the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions, co-presented by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) that a healthy peri-implant tissue presents a healthy mucosa comprised of a core of connective tissue covered by keratinized or non-keratinized epithelium and healthy intrabony tissue comprised of an implant in contact with mineralized bone [2]. These numerous definitions of PI have led to a difficulty in the comparison of studies’ results
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