Abstract
BackgroundThis study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and comparison of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of Harpagopytum zeyheri with diclofenac.MethodsIn vitro assays were conducted using water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of H.zeyheri. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2′- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages as well as cytokine (TNF-α and IL-10) expression on LPS-induced U937 human macrophages. For cytotoxicity, cell viability was determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.ResultsThe ethyl acetate extract had the lowest IC50 values in the DPPH (5.91 μg/ml) and ABTS (20.5 μg/ml) assay compared to other extracts. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extracts effectively inhibited NO and TNF-α and proved to be comparable to diclofenac at some concentrations. All extracts of H. zeyheri displayed dose-dependent activity and were associated with low levels of human-IL-10 expression compared to quercetin. Furthermore, all extracts displayed low toxicity relative to diclofenac.ConclusionsThese findings show that H. zeyheri has significant antioxidant activity. Additionally, similarities exist in the inflammatory activity of H. zeyheri to diclofenac at some concentrations as well as low toxicity in comparison to diclofenac.
Highlights
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and comparison of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of Harpagopytum zeyheri with diclofenac
The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activities of extracts were displayed by the ethyl acetate extract closely followed by the ethanol extract (IC50 value < 32 μg/ml; Table 1)
The water extract had an IC50 value greater than 100 μg/ml showing no antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay (Table 1)
Summary
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and comparison of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of Harpagopytum zeyheri with diclofenac. Inflammation occurs in the body as a response to infection, injury, and other harmful stimuli [35, 36], which is related to the excess production of free radicals such as. Inflammation and inflammation cell interactions result in either a positive outcome of host-defense mechanism or in uncontrolled cases, lead to tissue injury and chronic diseases [26] with studies showing that in almost 99% of cases, inflammations are intolerable if not treated properly [4]. Despite the effectiveness of these drugs, their safety is a cause for concern with studies linking almost 90% of them with related toxicities and side effects [25], which has resulted in growing research on natural therapies for inflammation that are deemed safer but still provide the necessary relief
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