Abstract
Marine invertebrates in support of his life's defence of sea predatory use an innate immune mechanism, namely the cellular component hemocytes by secreting the dissolved antimicrobial and cytotoxic substances. It shows that marine invertebrates are potential sources and promising antimicrobial compounds. This research was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of sea urchin (Diadema setosum) extract against some bacterial isolates and its application to foodstuffs. The gonad and shell of sea urchin extracted by methanol and ethyl acetate and then separated by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Screening of antibacterial compound use gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and disc diffusion method was followed to determine the antimicrobial activity against Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study showed antibacterial activity against one or more strains. The gonad of sea urchin from methanol extract exhibited significant inhibitory effect and effective against Salmonella, E. coli and S. aureus. Majority of gonad and shell of sea urchin extract showed antibacterial activity against the tested strains. However, gonad of methanol extract was found to be inhibiting microorganisms gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (Salmonella and S. aureus). Gonad extract can be a good source of antibacterial agents.
Highlights
Sea urchin (Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoid) is a commodity traded in many countries, has a hard shell and the inside is five symmetrical
The presence of antibacterial components in the methanol and ethyl acetate extract of gonad and shell of sea urchin was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis (Table 1)
Beta.) (44.19%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (19.44%), Ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,22E) (6.32%), Pentadecanoic Acid (1.06%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid (0.10%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester (4.84%), Arachidonic acid (3.85%) and 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)- (2.9%) were from the methanol extract of shell sea urchin (Table 1)
Summary
Sea urchin (Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoid) is a commodity traded in many countries, has a hard shell and the inside is five symmetrical. In addition to having a hard shell, 95% of the body parts of the pig are dominated by very fragile and toxic thorns. These thorns are used to move, protect themselves, and stimulate food, and for certain types contain toxins. The need to find new antimicrobial material is increasing, because the growth and development of bacteria are currently able to be resistant to antibiotics, as well as the growing conventional antibiotics (Li et al, 2008). The increasing number of studies showing that bacteria can be resistant to conventional antibiotics has encouraged researchers to find new antimicrobial agents derived from natural substances (vegetable and animal). There has been an increase in marine field research (crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms) with an object of secondary metabolite content and type of antimicrobial (Haug et al, 2002; Casas et al, 2011)
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