Abstract
The host response to calcium silicate ceramic coatings is not always favorable because of their high dissolution rates, leading to high pH within the surrounding physiological environment. Recently, a zinc-incorporated calcium silicate-based ceramic Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating, developed on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate using plasma-spray technology, was found to exhibit improved chemical stability and biocompatibility. This study aimed to investigate and compare the in vitro response of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating, CaSiO3 coating, and uncoated Ti-6Al-4V titanium control at cellular and molecular level. Our results showed Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation compared to CaSiO3 coating and control. In addition, Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating increased mRNA levels of osteoblast-related genes (alkaline phosphatase, procollagen α1(I), osteocalcin), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The in vivo osteoconductive properties of Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating, compared to CaSiO3 coating and control, was investigated using a rabbit femur defect model. Histological and histomorphometrical analysis demonstrated new bone formation in direct contact with the Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating surface in absence of fibrous tissue and higher bone-implant contact rate (BIC) in the Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating group, indicating better biocompatibility and faster osseointegration than CaSiO3 coated and control implants. These results indicate Ca2ZnSi2O7 coated implants have applications in bone tissue regeneration, since they are biocompatible and able to osseointegrate with host bone.
Highlights
Calcium silicate-based ceramics have become more promising as potential implant biomaterials for bone tissue engineering due to their bioactive and biocompatible properties [1,2,3]
Cell proliferation was increased on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 on Ca2ZnSi2O7 coated substrate compared to either CaSiO3 coated substrate or control (p,0.05)
Investigation into cell attachment found that MC3T3-E1 cells adhere to Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating with greater spread and number of filopodia projections anchored to the surface than those adhering to CaSiO3 coating or control, which indicates that Ca2ZnSi2O7 coating has a good bioactive surface favorable for cell adhesion and growth with good biocompatibility
Summary
Calcium silicate-based ceramics have become more promising as potential implant biomaterials for bone tissue engineering due to their bioactive and biocompatible properties [1,2,3]. Despite the beneficial influence on bone response, wellknown drawbacks associated with this material exist, such as poor mechanical properties, which limit the scope of its clinical application [4,5,6]. These limitations can be overcome by surface-modification techniques [7,8]. Major limitations of calcium silicate coatings include deleterious biological effects due to their high dissolution rate and induction of high pH within the surrounding tissues, which limits further their biomedical application [5]
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