In vitro and in vivo antitumour effects of coconut water vinegar on 4T1 breast cancer cells.

Nurul Elyani Mohamad,Swee Keong Yeap,Shaiful Adzni Sharifuddin,Kian Lam Lim,Nur Rizi Zamberi,Noraini Nordin,Nadiah Abu,Kamariah Long,Noorjahan Banu Alitheen

doi:10.29219/fnr.v63.1616

Abstract

BackgroundCoconut water and vinegars have been reported to possess potential anti-tumour and immunostimulatory effects. However, the anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects of coconut water vinegar have yet to be tested.ObjectiveThis study investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects of coconut water vinegar on 4T1 breast cancer cells.MethodsThe 4T1 cells were treated with freeze-dried coconut water vinegar and subjected to MTT cell viability, BrdU, annexin V/PI apoptosis, cell cycle and wound healing assays for the in vitro analysis. For the in vivo chemopreventive evaluation, mice challenged with 4T1 cells were treated with 0.08or 2.00 mL/kg body weight of fresh coconut water vinegar for 28 days. Tumour weight, apoptosis of tumour cells, metastasis and immunity of untreated mice and coconut water vinegar-treated 4T1 challenged mice were compared.ResultsFreeze-dried coconut water vinegar reduced the cell viability, induced apoptosis and delayed the wound healing effect of 4T1 cells in vitro. In vivo, coconut water vinegar delayed 4T1 breast cancer progression in mice by inducing apoptosis and delaying the metastasis. Furthermore, coconut water vinegar also promoted immune cell cytotoxicity and production of anticancer cytokines. The results indicate that coconut water vinegar delays breast cancer progression by inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells, suppressing metastasis and activating anti-tumour immunity.ConclusionCoconut water vinegar is a potential health food ingredient with a chemopreventive effect.

Highlights

Coconut water and vinegars have been reported to possess potential anti-tumour and immunostimulatory effects
Coconut water vinegar reduced viability, induced proliferation and delayed wound healing of 4T1 cells The MTT assay showed that freeze-dried coconut water vinegar lowered the viability of 4T1 cells in a dose- dependent manner after treatment at IC50 (270 μg/mL) and IC75 (350 μg/mL), respectively, at 48 h (Fig. 1a)
The Bromo-2 ́-deoxyuridine (BrdU) proliferation test showed that coconut water vinegar treatment at IC50 and IC75 reduced 13 and 49% cell proliferation, respectively, compared to the untreated 4T1 cells, at 72 h of incubation (Fig. 1b)

Summary

Introduction

Coconut water and vinegars have been reported to possess potential anti-tumour and immunostimulatory effects. Objective: This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects of coconut water vinegar on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Apoptosis of tumour cells, metastasis and immunity of untreated mice and coconut water vinegar-treated 4T1 challenged mice were compared. Results: Freeze-dried coconut water vinegar reduced the cell viability, induced apoptosis and delayed the wound healing effect of 4T1 cells in vitro. Coconut water vinegar delayed 4T1 breast cancer progression in mice by inducing apoptosis and delaying the metastasis. The results indicate that coconut water vinegar delays breast cancer progression by inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells, suppressing metastasis and activating anti-tumour immunity.

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