Abstract
In the search for antifungal agents from marine resources, we recently found that the culture filtrate of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SFC100166 effectively suppressed the development of tomato gray mold, rice blast, and tomato late blight. The culture filtrate was then successively extracted with ethyl acetate and n-butanol to identify the fungicidal metabolites. Consequently, a new compound, spirosorbicillinol D (1), and a new natural compound, 2′,3′-dihydro-epoxysorbicillinol (2), together with 11 known compounds (3–13), were obtained from the solvent extracts. The chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature values. The results of the in vitro antifungal assay showed that of the tested fungal pathogens, Phytophthora infestans was the fungus most sensitive to the isolated compounds, with MIC values ranging from 6.3 to 400 µg/mL, except for trichotetronine (9) and trichodimerol (10). When tomato plants were treated with the representative compounds (4, 6, 7, and 11), bisvertinolone (6) strongly reduced the development of tomato late blight disease compared to the untreated control. Taken together, our results revealed that the culture filtrate of T. longibrachiatum SFC100166 and its metabolites could be useful sources for the development of new natural agents to control late blight caused by P. infestans.
Highlights
Phytopathogenic fungi have consistently threatened crops, causing serious damage that results in the loss of crop yields and reduces the quality of crops worldwide [1,2]
During the course of screening for a culture filtrate with a potent efficacy in controlling plant diseases caused by fungi, we found that a culture filtrate of the SFC100166 isolate exhibited an inhibitory effect on the development of RCB, TGM, and TLB with control values of 85%, 94%, and 90%, respectively (Table 2)
To identify the active compounds produced by the SFC100166 isolate, the culture filtrate was successively partitioned by the organic solvents EtOAc and BuOH, and the yielding extracts were investigated for their ability to control six plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens
Summary
Phytopathogenic fungi have consistently threatened crops, causing serious damage that results in the loss of crop yields and reduces the quality of crops worldwide [1,2]. Many studies have reported on the potential efficacy of fungi or fungal metabolites in controlling plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Of the many fungal species, Trichoderma spp. have been widely studied and used in the biological control against phytopathogenic fungi because of their high capacity to secrete large amounts of enzymes and metabolites [11]. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride have been developed as commercial products, which are used to control foliar and soil-borne diseases in various crops [12]. In addition to their antifungal activity, it has been reported that Trichoderma spp. promote plant growth and productivity by inducing systemic resistance and enhancing nutrient efficiency [13]
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