In vitro and 48 weeks in vivo performances of 3D printed porous Fe-30Mn biodegradable scaffolds

Abstract

Porous Fe-Mn biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing are considered as a promising alternative biomaterial for repairing load-bearing bone defects. However, the mechanical adaptability, the thoughtful in vitro biocompatibility and especially the long-term in vivo osseointegration and biodegradation performances have not been investigated to date. Herein, the porous Fe-30Mn biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) had the adjustable elastic modulus ranging from 10.04 GPa to 14.88 GPa by regulating the porosity from 37.89% to 47.17%. In vitro indirect and direct cytotoxicity as well as cell adhesion experiments demonstrated biocompatibility and a large number of cells with stretched filopodia adhered to the scaffolds. 48 weeks in vivo experiments showed that the scaffolds had no harm to liver and kidney, and exhibited long-term in vivo osseointegration performance. Volumes of the scaffolds decreased by 10.1–20.9%, and the retrieved scaffolds showed decreased elastic modulus (decreased by 34.1–42.3%) and yield strength (decreased by 15.8–23.3%) after the 48 weeks in vivo degradation. The Fe-30Mn-femoral condyle complex maintained the same level of stiffness as intact controls during 48 weeks. In summary, the porous Fe-30Mn biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by SLM could be a reliable and practical alternative for repairing load-bearing bone defects.