In Situ X-ray Diffraction Study of the Crystallization of Spray-Dried Lactose

Abstract

An in situ technique with X-ray diffraction analysis has been developed to study the crystallization of lactose in humid air. This technique was used in association with ex situ scanning electron microscopy to determine changes in phase composition and morphology during crystallization. Individual spherical particles of spray-dried lactose plasticize and coalesce upon absorption of moisture. Following an induction period, crystallization is rapid with the appearance of the anhydrous 5:3 phase containing both α and β isomers of lactose, α-lactose monohydrate and β-lactose, almost simultaneously. The 5:3 phase decomposed as the other two phases developed. After extended exposure to humid air, only α-lactose monohydrate and β-lactose were observed. The predominant particle habit observed in the fully crystallized lactose is platelet. These observations are rationalized in terms of the restricted molecular diffusion in plasticized lactose preventing movement of the β-lactose isomer toward developing α-lactose monohydrate crystals with the result that normal solution phase inhibition of growth of the (01̄1) face leading the tomahawk shaped crystal lactose does not occur. The restricted diffusional conditions also favor the formation of the mixed isomer 5:3 phase, resulting in the entrapment of both isomers during crystallization.