Abstract
Semi-flexible pavement (SFP) is characterized by injected cementitious grout within porous asphalt (PA) matrixes to improve anti-rutting performance. The grouting rate is a key factor to ensure longevity and performance of SFP that require precise and non-destructive in-situ measurements. No practical approach has been built in both literature and field applications. This research proposed an automatic method for determining the SFP grouting rate, namely the Leng-Wang-Sui (LWS) model, a novel SFP dielectric constant prediction model derived from electromagnetic (EM) mixing theory. The validity of the proposed method was substantiated through a sensitivity analysis, numerical simulations of meso-scale ground-penetrating radar (GPR)-SFP models, and laboratory tests. Results verify the method’s capability to accurately predict the in-situ grouting rate of SFP, demonstrating an average estimation error below 7 %. A practical workflow of using GPR in conjunction with the LWS model for on-site assessments of SFP grouting rate was recommended for real-world applications.
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