Abstract
The kinetic coefficient of friction μk was measured for sea ice, stainless steel, and coated steel sliding on a natural sea ice cover. The effects of normal stress (3.10–8.11 kPa), ice columnar grain orientation (vertical and parallel to the sliding direction), sliding velocity (0.02–2.97 m·s–1), and contact material were investigated. Air temperature was higher than −5.0 °C for the test duration. The results showed a decline of μk with increasing normal stress with μk independent of ice grain orientation. The μk of different materials varied, partly due to distinct surface roughnesses, but all cases showed a similar increasing trend with increasing velocity because of the viscous resistance of melt-water film. The velocity dependence of μk was quantified using the rate- and state- dependent model, and μk was found to increase logarithmically with increasing velocity. In addition, μk obtained at higher air temperatures was greater than at lower temperatures. The stick-slip phenomenon was observed at a relatively high velocity compared with previous studies, which was partly due to the low-stiffness device used in the field. Based on the experimental data, the calculation of physical models can be compared.
Highlights
A sustained decline in sea ice extent and thickness has taken place in the Arctic Ocean in recent years [1,2,3,4]
The weather was clear without precipitation, and the air temperature ranged from −5.0 to −0.8 ◦ C mostly, which is close to the air temperature in the summer Arctic [38]
The results results showed showed that that μμk decreased decreased with with increasing increasing normal normal stress
Summary
A sustained decline in sea ice extent and thickness has taken place in the Arctic Ocean in recent years [1,2,3,4]. These changes suggest more attractive prospects for navigation as the Arctic Ocean becomes more accessible in the marginal seas [5,6,7,8,9]. When sea ice interacts with a ship’s hull during navigation in ice-infested waters, it may fracture, collide with, or slide along the hull During these interactions, the friction between sea ice and a ship’s hull severely affects the performance of the vessel [11,12]; approximately 70% of the power of icebreakers is consumed to overcome friction [13].
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