Effect of high air and soil temperature on dry matter production, pod yield and yield components of groundnut

Abstract

Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in the semi-arid tropics are commonly exposed to air and soil temperatures above 35 °C during the reproductive period causing significant yield losses. The objectives of this study were to determine: (i) whether effects of high air and/or high soil temperature in two contrasting cultivars were similar; (ii) the effects of the timing of imposition of high air and soil temperature; (iii) the effects of high air, high soil and both stresses combined on yield and yield components; and (iv) whether the effects of high air and high soil temperature were additive or multiplicative. Plants were grown at optimum and ambient soil temperature from planting until start of podding at 45 d after planting (DAP) in Experiment 1, and until start of flowering at 28 DAP in Experiment 2. Thereafter, plants of each cultivar were exposed to a factorial combination of two air temperatures (optimum: 28°/22 °C and high: 38°/22 °C) and two soil temperatures (ambient: 26°/24 °C and high: 38°/30 °C) until final harvest at 90 DAP. The effects of high air and high soil temperatures imposed from start of flowering or podding were similar. Exposure to high air and/or high soil temperature significantly reduced total dry matter production, partitioning of dry matter to pods, and pod yields in both the cultivars. High air temperature had no significant effect on total flower production but significantly reduced the proportion of flowers setting pegs (fruit-set) and hence fruit numbers. In contrast, high soil temperature significantly reduced flower production, the proportion of pegs forming pods and 100 seed weight. The effects of high air and soil temperature were mostly additive and without interaction.