In-depth analysis of isochorismate synthase-derived metabolism in plant immunity: Identification of meta-substituted benzoates and salicyloyl-malate

Abstract

Isochorismate-derived metabolism enables biosynthesis of the plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) and its derivatives. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the stress-induced accumulation of SA depends on ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1) and also requires the presumed isochorismate transporter ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 (EDS5) and the GH3 enzyme avrPphB SUSCEPTIBLE3 (PBS3). By comparative metabolite and structural analyses, we identified several hitherto unreported ICS1- and EDS5-dependent, biotic stress-inducible Arabidopsis metabolites. These involve meta-substituted SA derivatives (5-formyl-SA, 5-carboxy-SA, 5-carboxymethyl-SA), their benzoic acid (BA) analogs (3-formyl-BA, 3-carboxy-BA, 3-carboxymethyl-BA), and besides the previously detected salicyloyl-aspartate (SA-Asp), the ester conjugate salicyloyl-malate (SA-Mal). SA functions as a biosynthetic precursor for SA-Mal and SA-Asp, but not for the meta-substituted SA- and BA-derivatives, which accumulate to moderate levels at later stages of bacterial infection. Interestingly, Arabidopsis leaves possess oxidizing activity to effectively convert meta-formyl- into meta-carboxy-SA/BAs. In contrast to SA, exogenously applied meta-substituted SA/BA-derivatives and SA-Mal exert a moderate impact on plant immunity and defence-related gene expression. While the isochorismate-derived metabolites are negatively regulated by the SA receptor NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1, SA conjugates (SA-Mal, SA-Asp, SA-glucose conjugates) and meta-substituted SA/BA-derivatives are oppositely affected by PBS3. Notably, our data indicate a PBS3-independent path to isochorismate-derived SA at later stages of bacterial infection, which does not considerably impact immune-related characteristics. Moreover, our results argue against a previously proposed role of EDS5 in the biosynthesis of the immune signal N-hydroxypipecolic acid and associated transport processes. We propose a significantly extended biochemical scheme of plant isochorismate metabolism that involves an alternative generation mode for benzoate- and salicylate-derivatives.