Abstract
Reacting to a profound electoral and organisational crisis, in the mid-1980s the Communist Party of Spain initiated a process of party change which envisioned empowering members in decision-making processes and establishing closer and wider relations with civil society. Party change eventually led to the creation of a new organisation, United Left. This article gives an account of the design and implementation of participatory and environmental linkages by the Spanish United Left and evaluates their specific outputs. We show that United Left's strategies aimed at reinvigorating linkage have had very limited success, failing to stabilise the party's electoral fortunes, to reconnect with society and to expand its membership.
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