Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of pooling heat demands in a district for the purpose of upscaling heat production units by means of energy, exergy, economic, exergoeconomic, and environmental indicators, as well as the sensitivity to investment and fuel costs. The following production systems to satisfy the heat demands (domestic hot water production and space heating) of a mixed district composed of office (80%), residential (15%), and commercial (5%) buildings are considered: gas- and biomass-fired boilers, electric boilers and heat pumps (grid-powered or photovoltaic -powered), and solar thermal collectors. For comparison, three system sizing approaches are examined: at building scale, at sector scale (residential, office, and commerce), or at district scale. For the configurations studied, the upscaling benefits were up to 5% higher efficiency (energy and exergy), there was lower levelized cost of heat for all systems (between 20% and 54%), up to 55% lower exergy destruction costs, and up to 5% greater CO2 mitigations. In conclusion, upscaling and demand pooling tend to improve specific efficiencies, reduce specific costs, reduce total investment through the peak power sizing method, and mitigate temporal mismatch in solar-driven systems. Possible drawbacks are additional heat losses due to the distribution network and reduced performance in heat pumps due to the higher temperatures required. Nevertheless, the advantages outweigh the drawbacks in most cases.
Highlights
Renewable energy sources are emerging as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels owing to better availability and fewer environmental implications
The energy practices and strategies pertaining to space heating and hot water production play a significant role in controlling environmental impacts
At the sector and district scales, overall efficiency drops to 90% due to heat losses (5%) throughout the network
Summary
Renewable energy sources are emerging as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels owing to better availability and fewer environmental implications. Of the total greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Several countries have established objectives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have introduced policies to promote the implementation of low-carbon technologies such as renewable energy [2,3,4]. The total annual cost of a 100% renewable system was found to be at least 30% higher than for a system including nuclear technologies or carbon fuels. In France, space heating and water heating accounted for a major share (about 77%) of the energy consumption in the building sector in 2017 [6]. The energy practices and strategies pertaining to space heating and hot water production play a significant role in controlling environmental impacts
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