Abstract
In this paper, the Dual Kalman Filter (DKF) is used for the parametric identification of an RC model of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (FC) stack. The identification is performed for diagnostic purposes, starting from time-domain voltage and current signals in the framework of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests. Here, the sinusoidal input of the tests makes the identification of DKF parameters challenging. The paper analyzes the filter performance and proposes a possible approach to address the filter tuning to let it work with FC operating either in normal conditions or in the presence of drying and flooding fault conditions, or in fuel starvation mode. The analysis is mainly performed in a simulated environment, where the Fouquet model is used to simulate the FC. Some criteria to tune the filter are derived from the analysis and used also with experimental data produced by some EIS tests, to achieve the best estimate in constrained conditions. The results show that the DKF can be turned into a valuable tool to identify the model parameters even with signals developed for other scopes. The identification results envisage the possibility of assisting the model-based FC diagnosis by means of a very simple tool that can run on a low-cost embedded device. Indeed, the simplicity of the filter approach and a lightweight implementation allow the deployment of the algorithm in embedded solutions.
Highlights
Fuel cells (FCs) are effective energy conversion devices, used in various application branches—for instance, systems power auxiliaries, smart grids [1], automotive applications and transportation systems [2], and portable devices
The results show that the Dual Kalman Filter (DKF) can be turned into a valuable tool to identify the model parameters even with signals developed for other scopes
Some alternative liquid-based FCs are being considered for perspective applications, such as direct ammonia FC [5] and acid–base FC [6]
Summary
Fuel cells (FCs) are effective energy conversion devices, used in various application branches—for instance, systems power auxiliaries, smart grids [1], automotive applications and transportation systems [2], and portable devices. A time-domain identification method of a PEMFC system, based on the use of the time-domain sinusoidal input signals in an online EIS experiment [21], is proposed and optimized in terms of convergence performance. The framework proposed deeply differs from the typical DKF application, because the input signals are not designed to work with the DKF, and it is aimed at “scavenging” the information contained in the large amount of time-domain data available from online acquisition of EIS for PEMFC system. These data are typically postprocessed to achieve frequency-domain information.
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