Improving the optical, dielectric properties and antimicrobial activity of Chitosan–PEO by GO/MWCNTs: Nanocomposites for energy storage and food packaging applications

Abstract

This work is an attempt to improve the multifunctionality of chitosan–polyethylene oxide (Ch.–PEO) blend for different industrial applications including energy storage and food packaging applications. Graphene oxide (GO)/blend and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/GO/blend films were prepared by the solution casting method. FTIR analysis indicated the existence of Ch. and PEO functional groups and the positive interaction between the added nanofillers and the blend chains. XRD data confirmed interfacial compatibility between PEO and Ch. and showed that the semicrystalline nature of the blend was decreased after the incorporation of the filler. SEM analysis displayed that the blend surface is homogenous and crack-free, and the MWCNTs/GO were well-dispersed and uniformly distributed on the surface. The blend showed transmittance in the visible and NIR regions in the range of 76–91%. Loading MWCNTs/GO reduced this range and significantly increased the extinction coefficient of the blend. The indirect/direct band gap decreased from 4.3/5.2 eV to 3.0/3.8 eV with increasing fillers content. Moreover, the optical constants of the blend and nanocomposite films were determined. The dielectric measurements revealed that MWCNTs/GO doping increases the defects and results in a larger number of dipoles inside the blend and hence increases the dielectric constant of the blend. In addition, tan (δ) for all films is very small (˂ 0.05) and MWCNTs/GO/blend exhibits conductivity four times greater compared with the pure blend. The conduction mechanism, dielectric modulus, and Cole-Cole plots in the temperature range of 30–110 °C and frequencies in the range of 10−2 Hz–10 MHz were reported. The thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) for the blend and nanocomposite films were performed in the temperature range of 25–550 °C. TGA and DTG revealed three distinct weight-loss events for the samples; 25–122 °C, 229–360 °C, and 365–440 °C. The doped samples were more thermally stable where the blend lost 20% of its weight at 180.9 °C, while after doping with GO and codoping with MWCNTs, this temperature increased to 190.5 and 210.2 °C, respectively. The blend and nanocomposite solutions showed a wide antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Specifically, both GO/Ch.–PEO and 0.004%MWCNTs/GO/Ch.–PEO represented the highest antimicrobial against all tested microbes. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 8095 was founded to be the most sensitive among the examined microbes. Additionally, the least sensitivity to studied solutions was recorded by Penicillium roqueforti. The improvements in the optical and dielectric properties make the prepared nanocomposites suitable for energy storage devices, while the antimicrobial activity suggests the use of GO/Ch.–PEO and MWCNTs/GO/Ch.–PEO nanocomposites for food packaging applications.