Improving organic photovoltaic cells by forcing electrode work function well beyond onset of Ohmic transition

Chao Zhao,Cindy G Tang,Zong-Long Seah,Rui-Qi Png,Lay-Lay Chua,Qi-Mian Koh,Peter K H Ho

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22358-y

Chao Zhao, Cindy G Tang + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22358-y

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Abstract

As electrode work function rises or falls sufficiently, the organic semiconductor/electrode contact reaches Fermi-level pinning, and then, few tenths of an electron-volt later, Ohmic transition. For organic solar cells, the resultant flattening of open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) leads to a ‘plateau’ that maximizes power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we demonstrate this plateau in fact tilts slightly upwards. Thus, further driving of the electrode work function can continue to improve Voc and FF, albeit slowly. The first effect arises from the coercion of Fermi level up the semiconductor density-of-states in the case of ‘soft’ Fermi pinning, raising cell built-in potential. The second effect arises from the contact-induced enhancement of majority-carrier mobility. We exemplify these using PBDTTPD:PCBM solar cells, where PBDTTPD is a prototypal face-stacked semiconductor, and where work function of the hole collection layer is systematically ‘tuned’ from onset of Fermi-level pinning, through Ohmic transition, and well into the Ohmic regime.

Highlights

As electrode work function rises or falls sufficiently, the organic semiconductor/electrode contact reaches Fermi-level pinning, and few tenths of an electron-volt later, Ohmic transition
Recent advances in polymer donors and non-fullerene acceptors have produced organic photoactive layers (PAL) that give more than 15% power conversion efficiency (PCE) in single-junction solar cells[1,2,3]
We have recently shown for P3HT:PCBM cells using hole collection layer (HCL) with systematically “tuned” φ that both Vbi and Voc track the φeff of the hole contact[13]

Summary

Introduction

As electrode work function rises or falls sufficiently, the organic semiconductor/electrode contact reaches Fermi-level pinning, and few tenths of an electron-volt later, Ohmic transition. We have recently shown for P3HT:PCBM cells using HCLs with systematically “tuned” φ that both Vbi and Voc track the φeff of the hole contact[13]. Both PBDTTPD and P3HT films and their PCBM composites exhibit rather similar (and narrow) transport σ, but apparently widely differing surface σ.

Results

Conclusion