Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the changes in dietary patterns of adult Saudis with prediabetes who underwent a six-month lifestyle modification program. A total of 160 Saudis with prediabetes (baseline fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L), aged 20–60 years, were enrolled in one of the two arms: A one-time general advice about lifestyle modification (GA group) at orientation or a well-structured and monitored nutrition and lifestyle counseling for six months (guidance group). Fasting blood samples and a dietary recall for daily intakes of macro/micronutrients using a validated computerized food database “ESHA—the Food Processor Nutrition Analysis program” were collected pre- and post-intervention. Compliance to reference daily intake (RDI) was also calculated at both time points. At baseline, overall, severe deficiencies in the majority of micronutrient intakes were observed. Post intervention, clinically significant improvements in the glycemic indices (fasting glucose and insulin resistance) were seen over time in the guidance group. Also, significant improvements in dietary habits and physical activity levels were more apparent in the guidance group than the GA group, particularly in the daily intakes of total carbohydrate (46.9% compliance post vs. 20.3% at baseline); dietary fiber (21.9% vs. 3.1%); and some micronutrients like vitamin B6 (21.3% vs. 6.7%), vitamin B12 (45.3% vs. 28%), vitamin C (21.9% vs. 7.8%), riboflavin (40% vs. 10.7%), niacin (41.3% vs. 14.7%), magnesium (18.8% vs. 4.7%), iron (54.7% vs. 34.4%), and copper (37.3% vs. 13.3%). The study highlights the effects of a six-month lifestyle modification program in improving dietary micronutrient intakes of Saudis with prediabetes. Since micronutrient intake was observed to be low, fortification of these micronutrients in the Saudi diet is recommended.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century, with 1 in 11 adults having diabetes worldwide and an estimated 425 million diabetics in the age range of 18–99 [1]
Saudi Arabia is not spared in the widespread increase in the prevalence of type 2 DM (T2DM), with the leading cause being the rising obesity rate, genetic predisposition, and an aging population [5]
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of nutritional education and lifestyle modification program on the dietary patterns of people with prediabetes in Saudi Arabia
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century, with 1 in 11 adults having diabetes worldwide and an estimated 425 million diabetics in the age range of 18–99 [1]. It is predicted to rise to 642 million by 2040, posing a big impact on the health care cost of the country [2]. A significant opportunity to reduce such impact lies in focusing on people with intermediate hyperglycemia (prediabetes). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) defines prediabetes as having either impaired fasting glucose (IFG), defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Around 5%–10% of people with prediabetes eventually progress to type 2 DM (T2DM) [4].
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