Improvement on the linearity response of PandaX-4T with new photomultiplier tube bases

Abstract

With the expanding reach of physics, xenon-based detectors such as PandaX-4T in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory aim to cover an energy range from sub-keV to multi-MeV. A linear response of the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) is required for both scintillation and electroluminescence signals. Through a dedicated bench test, we investigated the cause of the non-linear response in the Hamamatsu R11410-23 PMTs used in PandaX-4T. The saturation and suppression of the PMT waveform observed during the commissioning of PandaX-4T were caused by the high-voltage divider base. The bench test data validated the de-saturation algorithm used in the PandaX-4T data analysis. We also confirmed the improvement in linearity of a new PMT base design with three more low radioactivity capacitors at later dynodes, which will be used to upgrade the PMT readout system in PandaX-4T.